Controls on the initiation and development of blooms of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef in lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries

Morse, Ryan E.; Mulholland, Margaret R.; Hunley, William S.; Fentress, Scott; Wiggins, Mike; Blanco-Garcia, Jose L.

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2013.05.013

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Samples were preserved in Lugol's iodine and quantified using a light microscope. During surveys, chlorophyll a fluorescence as measured via the EXO total algae sensor and Cochlodinium cell counts were highly correlated (r 2 ϭ 0.86; P Ͻ 0.001), affirming prior findings that chlorophyll a fluorescence is a good proxy for Cochlodinium cells during bloom events (47,49). All sensor data collected during these bloom events were assimilated and used to generate maps of continuously measured levels of normalized chlorophyll a fluorescence by using ArcGIS 10.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Cochlodinium polykrikoides is well known for displaying heterogeneous, patchy spatial distributions during bloom events with cell densities sometimes differing by 1 order of magnitude or more over small distances (ϳ100 m) (47,48). However, georeferenced, continuous horizontal mapping of surface chlorophyll a fluorescence has proved to be a robust means for assessing the spatial distribution of blooms (47,49). For this study, horizontal surveys were performed across Shinnecock Bay and its tributaries during hours of peak sun intensity on a weekly basis during August and September 2013 and 2014 to assess the spatial distribution of Cochlodinium blooms.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping the Distribution of Cysts from the Toxic Dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Bloom-Prone Estuaries by a Novel Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Assay

Hattenrath-Lehmann

Zhen

Wallace

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a cosmopolitan dinoflagellate that is notorious for causing fish-killing harmful algal blooms (HABs) across North America and Asia. While recent laboratory and ecosystem studies have definitively demonstrated that Cochlodinium forms resting cysts that may play a key role in the dynamics of its HABs, uncertainties regarding cyst morphology and detection have prohibited even a rudimentary understanding of the distribution of C. polykrikoides cysts in coastal ecosystems. Here, we report on the development of a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay using oligonucleotide probes specific for the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of C. polykrikoides. The LSU rDNA-targeted FISH assay was used with epifluorescence microscopy and was iteratively refined to maximize the fluorescent reaction with C. polykrikoides and minimize cross-reactivity. The final LSU rDNA-targeted FISH assay was found to quantitatively recover cysts made by North American isolates of C. polykrikoides but not cysts formed by other common cyst-forming dinoflagellates. The method was then applied to identify and map C. polykrikoides cysts across bloom-prone estuaries. Annual cyst and vegetative cell surveys revealed that elevated densities of C. polykrikoides cysts (>100 cm ؊3 ) during the spring of a given year were spatially consistent with regions of dense blooms the prior summer. The identity of cysts in sediments was confirmed via independent amplification of C. polykrikoides rDNA. This study mapped C. polykrikoides cysts in a natural marine setting and indicates that the excystment of cysts formed by this harmful alga may play a key role in the development of HABs of this species. Resting cysts of dinoflagellates can be associated with genetic recombination, maintenance of blooms, termination of blooms, recurrence of annual blooms, resistance against unfavorable environmental conditions, protection from viruses, grazers, or parasite attacks, and geographical expansion of populations (1-10). Resting cysts, therefore, play an important role in the ecology of harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by dinoflagellates (8, 11) and have been considered a fundamental attribute of dinoflagellate life cycles (12). About 200 marine and freshwater dinoflagellates are known to produce resting cysts, a small number relative to the ϳ2,300 extant dinoflagellate species (5, 11, 13). More than 20 of these cyst-producing dinoflagellates are known to cause harmful algal blooms (HABs) (5), including Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (10).Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef is an unarmored dinoflagellate that has caused fish-killing HABs in locations across much of Asia and North America (14-17). The initiation and development of C. polykrikoides blooms have been shown to be related to multiple factors, including stimulation by nutrients such as nitrogen and vitamins (18, 19), mixotrophy (20), the production of extracellular toxins lethal to grazers (21-23), bacterial mutualism (24), and allelopathic effects on competing phy...

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the Distribution of Cysts from the Toxic Dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Bloom-Prone Estuaries by a Novel Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Assay

Hattenrath-Lehmann

Zhen

Wallace

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The Lafayette River, a sub-tributary of the lower Chesapeake Bay, has a diverse dinoflagellate assemblage, including many species that exert harmful effects either directly or indirectly, through ecosystem disruption and their contribution to oxygen depletion during bloom decay (Marshall 1968(Marshall , 1995Mulholland et al 2009a, b;Egerton et al 2014;Morse et al 2013Morse et al , 2014. Species known to bloom there include a variety of mixotrophic dinoflagellates: H. triquetra in the late winter, P. minimum in the spring, A. sanguinea in the early summer, Gymnodinium sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Lafayette and adjacent Elizabeth Rivers (Fig. 2) also appear to be an initiation site for blooms that spread and are transported into the lower Chesapeake Bay (Morse et al 2011(Morse et al , 2013. The system is tidally dominated and has a long residence time (1 to 4 months; White 1972) and this is thought to contribute to the incubation of algal populations during bloom initiation (Morse et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) also appear to be an initiation site for blooms that spread and are transported into the lower Chesapeake Bay (Morse et al 2011(Morse et al , 2013. The system is tidally dominated and has a long residence time (1 to 4 months; White 1972) and this is thought to contribute to the incubation of algal populations during bloom initiation (Morse et al 2013). Freshwater inputs are limited to precipitation, shoreline drainage, groundwater inputs, and controlled flow into the southern branch of the Elizabeth River (Kim et al 2002;Charette and Buessler 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blooms of Dinoflagellate Mixotrophs in a Lower Chesapeake Bay Tributary: Carbon and Nitrogen Uptake over Diurnal, Seasonal, and Interannual Timescales

Mulholland

Morse

Egerton

et al. 2018

Estuaries and Coasts

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A multi-year study was conducted in the eutrophic Lafayette River, a sub-tributary of the lower Chesapeake Bay during which uptake of inorganic and organic nitrogen (N) and C compounds was measured during multiple seasons and years when different dinoflagellate species were dominant. Seasonal dinoflagellate blooms included a variety of mixotrophic dinoflagellates including Heterocapsa triquetra in the late winter, Prorocentrum minimum in the spring, Akashiwo sanguinea in the early summer, and Scrippsiella trochoidea and Cochlodinium polykrikoides in late summer and fall. Results showed that no single N source fueled algal growth, rather rates of N and C uptake varied on seasonal and diurnal timescales, and within blooms as they initiated and developed. Rates of photosynthetic C uptake were low yielding low assimilation numbers during much of the study period and the ability to assimilate dissolved organic carbon augmented photosynthetic C uptake during bloom and non-bloom periods. The ability to use dissolved organic C during the day and night may allow mixotrophic bloom organisms a competitive advantage over co-occurring phytoplankton that are restricted to photoautotrophic growth, obtaining N and C during the day and in well-lit surface waters.

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Biophysical interactions control the progression of harmful algal blooms in Chesapeake Bay: A novel Lagrangian particle tracking model with mixotrophic growth and vertical migration

Xiong

Shen

Qin

et al. 2023

Limnol Oceanogr Letters

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Climate change and nutrient pollution contribute to the expanding global footprint of harmful algal blooms. To better predict their spatial distributions and disentangle biophysical controls, a novel Lagrangian particle tracking and biological (LPT‐Bio) model was developed with a high‐resolution numerical model and remote sensing. The LPT‐Bio model integrates the advantages of Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches by explicitly simulating algal bloom dynamics, algal biomass change, and diel vertical migrations along predicted trajectories. The model successfully captured the intensity and extent of the 2020 Margalefidinium polykrikoides bloom in the lower Chesapeake Bay and resolved fine‐scale structures of bloom patchiness, demonstrating a reliable prediction skill for 7–10 d. The fully coupled LPT‐Bio model initialized/calibrated by remote sensing and controlled by ambient environmental conditions appeared to be a powerful approach to predicting transport pathways, identifying bloom hotspots, resolving concentration variations at subgrid scales, and investigating responses of HABs to changing environmental conditions and human interference.

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Controls on the initiation and development of blooms of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef in lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Mapping the Distribution of Cysts from the Toxic Dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Bloom-Prone Estuaries by a Novel Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Assay

Mapping the Distribution of Cysts from the Toxic Dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Bloom-Prone Estuaries by a Novel Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Assay

Blooms of Dinoflagellate Mixotrophs in a Lower Chesapeake Bay Tributary: Carbon and Nitrogen Uptake over Diurnal, Seasonal, and Interannual Timescales

Biophysical interactions control the progression of harmful algal blooms in Chesapeake Bay: A novel Lagrangian particle tracking model with mixotrophic growth and vertical migration

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