Controls on Open‐Ocean North Atlantic ΔpCO2 at Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales Are Different

Henson, Stephanie A.; Humphreys, Matthew; Land, Peter E.; Shutler, Jamie D.; Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke; Warren, Mark

doi:10.1029/2018gl078797

Cited by 11 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Satellite‐based biological production and sea‐surface temperature data have enabled preliminary identification of the drivers of variability in the ocean CO 2 sink (Henson et al . ). Current methods for calculating gas fluxes using Earth observation techniques do not always reflect the physics of the sea surface or the available satellite instrumentation.…”

Section: Current Ability To Monitor Ocean Carbonmentioning

confidence: 97%

Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon

Shutler

Wanninkhof

Nightingale

et al. 2019

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

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The ability to routinely quantify global carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption by the oceans has become crucial: it provides a powerful constraint for establishing global and regional carbon (C) budgets, and enables identification of the ecological impacts and risks of this uptake on the marine environment. Advances in understanding, technology, and international coordination have made it possible to measure CO2 absorption by the oceans to a greater degree of accuracy than is possible in terrestrial landscapes. These advances, combined with new satellite‐based Earth observation capabilities, increasing public availability of data, and cloud computing, provide important opportunities for addressing critical knowledge gaps. Furthermore, Earth observation in synergy with in‐situ monitoring can provide the large‐scale ocean monitoring that is necessary to support policies to protect ocean ecosystems at risk, and motivate societal shifts toward meeting C emissions targets; however, sustained effort will be needed.

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Section: Current Ability To Monitor Ocean Carbonmentioning

confidence: 97%

Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon

Shutler

Wanninkhof

Nightingale

et al. 2019

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

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“…Because of the wide availability of high-quality wind data products and the relative difficulty of directly measuring turbulence, it is commonplace to estimate k using a statistical relationship with wind speed (e.g. Ho et al, 2006;Nightingale et al, 2000;Wanninkhof, 2014). Concentration of the gas is determined by its solubility and fugacity (or partial pressure).…”

Section: Overview Of Fluxenginementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, Figure 3. Example sea-to-air CO 2 fluxes calculated using in situ data and the gas transfer velocity detailed in Ho et al (2006) (a) fluxes calculated for four sampling cruises in the North Atlantic during October and November 2013 (Kitidis and Brown, 2017;Schuster, 2016;Steinhoff et al, 2016;Wanninkhof and Pierrot, 2016; labelled 1-4, respectively). (b) The difference in the calculated flux resulting from using the reanalysed f CO 2 compared to the original in situ f CO 2 data (reanalysed minus original).…”

Section: New Features Utilisedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The FluxEngine air–sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, to ensure verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases, and to enable the greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user-defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to reanalyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset, and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings, and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study calculates air–sea CO2 fluxes using in situ data from a fixed monitoring station in the Baltic Sea. The third case study focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and, through a user-defined gas transfer parameterisation, identifies that biological surfactants in the North Atlantic could suppress individual N2O sea–air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The fourth and final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.

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“…Wrobel and Piskozub, 2016;Wrobel, 2017), evaluate the impact of gas transfer processes on regional and global gas exchange (e.g. Ashton et al, 2016;Pereira et al, 2018), evaluate the European shelf sea CO 2 gas-fluxes and sink (Shutler et al, 2016) and investigate biological and physical controls of air-sea exchange (Henson et al, 2018). FluxEngine has also been 110 used to identify shortfalls of current modelling approaches through the inclusion of FluxEngine outputs within an international inter-comparison (Rödenbeck et al, 2015) and is currently being used within two pan-European carbon monitoring research infrastructure projects (EU RINGO and EU BONUS INTEGRAL) which are part of the Integrated Carbon Observing System, ICOS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases

Holding¹,

Ashton²,

Shutler³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. The flow (flux) of climate critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and the biogeochemical development of the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air-sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the health of our oceans and changes to our climate. FluxEngine is an open source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air-sea gas fluxes from model, in-situ and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication and the toolbox is already being used by scientists across multiple disciplines. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases and greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to re-analyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and then demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study shows that reanalysing an eight month time series of pCO2 data collected from a fixed station in the Baltic Sea can remove errors equal to 35 % of the net air-sea gas flux. The third case study demonstrates that biological surfactants could supress individual nitrous oxide sea-air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.

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Controls on Open‐Ocean North Atlantic ΔpCO₂ at Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales Are Different

Cited by 11 publications

References 66 publications

Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon

Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon

The FluxEngine air–sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases

The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for <i>in situ</i> analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases

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Controls on Open‐Ocean North Atlantic ΔpCO2 at Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales Are Different

Cited by 11 publications

References 66 publications

Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon

Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon

The FluxEngine air–sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases

The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases

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Controls on Open‐Ocean North Atlantic ΔpCO₂ at Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales Are Different

The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for <i>in situ</i> analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases