Controls on explosive-effusive volcanic eruption styles

Cassidy, Michael; Manga, Michael; Cashman, Katharine V.; Bachmann, Olivier

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05293-3

Cited by 307 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 230 publications

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“…Assuming that the June batch caused the October 18 explosion, the averaged ascent rate over this period is ~3 m h -1 . This is consistent with tilt signal modelling (Neuberg et al, 2018) but it is at the low end (Cassidy et al, 2018) of effusive eruptions with intermittent explosive activity, such as at Soufrière Hills (Edmonds et al, 2003), Unzen (Hirabayashi et al, 1995), Mt St Helens (Gerlach and McGee, 1994), and Colima (Cassidy et al, 2015). This low ascent rate nevertheless gave rise to one of the most powerful recent event at…”

Section: Explosion Trigger and Eruptive Intensitysupporting

confidence: 83%

Triggering of the powerful 14 July 2013 Vulcanian explosion at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador

Gaunt

Burgisser

Mothes

et al. 2020

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The 14 July 2013 Vulcanian explosion at Tungurahua occurred after two months of quiescence and was extremely powerful, generating some of the highest infrasound energies recorded worldwide. Here we report on how a combination of geophysical data, textural measurements, and physical and mechanical tests on eruptive products allowed us to determine the processes that led to the pressurization of the conduit and triggering of this large Vulcanian event. Two weeks prior to the 14 July event, daily seismic counts and radial tilt began to steadily increase, indicating the probable intrusion of a new batch outgassing, formed a dense (< 2 % porosity), highly crystalline plug. This plug had a very low matrix permeability (10-17 to 10-18 m 2) and high tensile strength (9 to 13 MPa), forming an efficient rigid seal and preventing significant outgassing from the conduit. 2) Just below the plug, a high porosity zone (up to 50%) formed, acting as a gas storage zone, with pressurisation occurring partly under closed-system degassing. 3) The shallow conduit became pressurised due to the combination of both gas accumulation and the resistance of the plug to magma column extrusion in response to a new influx of magma. 4) On the 14 th of July a critical gas over-pressure was reached, overcoming the strength of the dense plug of magma, trigging extreme decompression and evacuation of the top two kilometres of the conduit. 5) The newly intruded magma was not directly involved in the explosion and continued to ascend during the week following the explosion.

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Section: Explosion Trigger and Eruptive Intensitysupporting

confidence: 83%

Triggering of the powerful 14 July 2013 Vulcanian explosion at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador

Gaunt

Burgisser

Mothes

et al. 2020

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Eruptions of intermediate composition magma often cycle between lava dome extrusion, Vulcanian-style explosions and lava dome collapse (e.g., Coombs et al, 2010;Druitt et al, 2002;Kienle & Shaw, 1979;Power et al, 2006;Varley et al, 2010;Voight et al, 1999;Wright et al, 2012). Transitions in eruptive style are particularly challenging for hazard management and require improved understanding of how crystallization, volatile exsolution, degassing, and magma rise rates influence eruptive processes (Cashman & Sparks, 2013;Cassidy et al, 2018;Jaupart, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Phenocrysts on Degassing in Crystal‐Bearing Magmas With Rhyolitic Groundmass Melts

deGraffenried

Larsen

Graham

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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The porosity at which a magma becomes permeable (i.e., the percolation threshold; ϕc) is important for magma degassing; it is also poorly constrained in crystal‐bearing systems. To address this, we conduct high pressure‐temperature decompression experiments on water‐saturated rhyolitic melts with variable crystal contents. We find that crystal‐bearing run products become permeable at ~55‐vol.% vesicularity (crystal free), a value that is similar to that found in decompression‐crystallization experiments using basaltic andesite compositions. Our results provide insight into controls on the eruption styles of hydrous, crystal‐bearing magmas in general and controls on pulsatory Vulcanian behavior, in particular.

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“…Volcanic gases provide the driving force for explosive volcanism (Cassidy et al, 2018). These gases exsolve from the melt when it becomes saturated, most commonly in response to decompression during eruptive ascent (Edmonds, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supereruption quartz crystals and the hollow reentrants

Befus

Manga

2019

Geology

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Hollow reentrants in quartz phenocrysts from Yellowstone (western United States) caldera’s Lava Creek Tuff are preserved vestiges of bubbles in the supereruption’s pre-eruptive magma reservoir. We characterized the reentrants using a combination of petrographic techniques, synchrotron X-ray microtomography, and cathodoluminescence imagery. One or more reentrants occur in ∼20% of quartz, and up to ∼90% of those reentrants are hollow. The earliest-erupted parts of the Lava Creek Tuff have the most empty reentrants. The hollow reentrants provide direct, physical evidence for volatile saturation, exsolution, and retention in a magma reservoir. Quartz-melt surface tension permits bubbles to attach to quartz only when bubbles have been able to nucleate and grow in the melt. Prior to eruption, the Lava Creek Tuff existed as a bubbly, volatile-saturated magma reservoir. The exsolved volatiles increased magma compressibility, helping to prevent the ever-accumulating magma from reaching a critical, eruptive overpressure until it reached a tremendous volume.

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Controls on explosive-effusive volcanic eruption styles

Cited by 307 publications

References 230 publications

Triggering of the powerful 14 July 2013 Vulcanian explosion at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador

Triggering of the powerful 14 July 2013 Vulcanian explosion at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador

The Influence of Phenocrysts on Degassing in Crystal‐Bearing Magmas With Rhyolitic Groundmass Melts

Supereruption quartz crystals and the hollow reentrants

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