“…There are many factors that affect hybridization such as surface coverage, ,− surface topography and chemistry, ,,− target concentration, , solvent status, ,− , spacer, − backfiller, − strand length, ,,, and DNA sequence. ,, Typically, the surface coverage plays a significant role in hybridization processes. It refers to the number of probe molecules immobilized on the microarray surface, which could directly impact the efficiency of the target-probe hybridization.…”