Controlling the Pore Structure of Collagen Sponge by Adjusting the Cross-Linking Degree for Construction of Heterogeneous Double-Layer Bone Barrier Membranes

Abstract

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been regarded as a valuable way to effectively induce bone remodeling. The key factor of GBR is to place a barrier membrane between the soft tissue and bone defect, preventing the untimely intrusion of fibroblasts and permitting the prior settlement of internal osteoblasts. Notably, heterogeneous double-layer GBR membranes with a compact upper layer and a loose lower layer exhibit enhanced effectiveness in blocking fibroblasts and promoting the growth of osteoblasts. Herein, we present porous and interconnected collagen-based sponges with controllable pore size for the fabrication of absorbable GBR membranes with a heterogeneous double-layer structure. Dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose was used to fix collagen-based sponges. The pore size of the sponges can be well controlled by adjusting the cross-linking degree, which is decreased with an increase of cross-linking degree. The sponges show enhanced mechanical properties, inhibited swelling ability and biodegradation, good blood compatibility, and good cytocompatibility. The sponges are feasible to form a heterogeneous double-layer structure with a loose lower layer and a compact upper layer. Interestingly, the lower layer with the pore size of 200–300 μm can promote the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells, while the upper layer with the pore size of 20–50 μm makes a great contribution to the growth of myoblast C2C12 cells. Overall, the collagen-based sponges have the potential to be used to fabricate heterogeneous double-layer bone barrier membranes for bone remodeling.

An Overview on Collagen and Gelatin-Based Cryogels: Fabrication, Classification, Properties and Biomedical Applications

“…) in these systems [139]. The results showed that the obtained collagen-based scaffolds with large pore size are beneficial for the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells [139].…”

“…Zhao et al fabricated collagen scaffolds using cryogelation technique and studied the osteogenic differentiation ability of mouse osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) in these systems [ 139 ]. The results showed that the obtained collagen-based scaffolds with large pore size are beneficial for the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells [ 139 ].…”

“…Zhao et al fabricated collagen scaffolds using cryogelation technique and studied the osteogenic differentiation ability of mouse osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) in these systems [ 139 ]. The results showed that the obtained collagen-based scaffolds with large pore size are beneficial for the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells [ 139 ]. Gelatin/hyaluronic acid cryogels and gelatin/cellulose cryogels were prepared, and their effect on the osteogenesis and mineralization of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was also investigated by Tsung and Gorgieva, proving that both ADSCs and MSCs can spread and proliferate on the surface of these cryogels [ 89 , 133 ].…”

Liquid-Exfoliated Mesostructured Collagen from the Bovine Achilles Tendon as Building Blocks of Collagen Membranes

“…From these collagen solutions, regenerated collagen-based materials have been prepared, using "bottomup" approaches including cohesive regeneration, 17 macromolecular assembling, 18 and chemical cross-linking. 19 Furthermore, different material formats including membranes, 20 microspheres, 21 hydrogels, 22 and sponges 23 are obtained by these methods. However, regenerated collagen materials from solutions do not recapitulate the remarkable structures and properties of native collagens, 24 thus limiting the utility of these materials.…”

Effect of Mammalian Tissue Source on the Molecular and Macroscopic Characteristics of UV-Cured Type I Collagen Hydrogel Networks

“…In light of its major role in wound healing and tissue remodelling, collagen has therefore been successfully applied in wound dressings [3,4], guided bone regeneration membranes [5], tendon repair scaffolds [6], pelvic reconstruction meshes [7,8], as well as tracheal [9,10] and corneal [11] implants. Consequently, multiple design strategies, including blending with synthetic polymers [12], fibre spinning [13], and covalent crosslinking [14], have been developed for a range of collagen raw materials generating varying preclinical success. The selection of the tissue source for the extraction of the collagen raw material has increasingly been identified as a key aspect to ensure reproducibility, scalable development, and clinical translation of new medical device prototypes.…”