“…In a control group, a resident performed the role of the assistant surgeon. As optic positioners, we evaluated the robotic voices-controlled system AESOP 2000 (Computer Motion, Goleta, CA, USA) [11], the robotic helmet-controlled system ENDOASSIST (Armstrong Healthcare, UK) [5], the remoter-controlled system FIPS Endoarm (Nuclear Research Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany) [3], the passive system TISKA Endoarm (Nuclear Research Institute) [12], the Martin Arm (Martin GmbH, Tuttlingen, Germany), and the Endofreeze (Aesculap). In all cases, a TISKA Endoarm was used as an instrument holder, except for the last two groups, in which a second Martin arm and a second Tuebingen Ball-Trocar Arm, respectively, were employed.…”