Controlling the corrosion and cathodic activation of magnesium via microalloying additions of Ge

Liu, R. L.; Hurley, Michael F.; Kvryan, Armen; Williams, Geraint; Scully, John R.; Birbilis, Nick

doi:10.1038/srep28747

Cited by 68 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, due to the toxic nature of As, industrial production of Mg-As alloys is complicated due to occupational health and safety considerations [10]. In the pursuit of alloying additions with a cathodic poisoning effect demonstrated by As, more recently, an Mg-0.3 wt.% Ge alloy was developed -capable of being easily produced without toxicity concerns [45]. On the basis that controlling the rate of anodic kinetics upon Mg by alloying elements which modify surface films is difficult, and that the corrosion of Mg is under the aforementioned ‗cathodic control', the use of minor alloying with cathodic poisons such as Ge is a rational means to develop Mg alloys with improved corrosion resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneously improving the corrosion resistance and strength of magnesium via low levels of Zn and Ge additions

et al. 2018

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Satisfactory corrosion resistance remains an issue in the widespread implementation of magnesium (Mg). The use of alloying to improve mechanical properties of Mg generally accelerates corrosion due to microstructural heterogeneity. However, recent works have revealed that additions of elements serving as ‗cathodic poisons' such as arsenic (As) and germanium (Ge) can reduce cathodic reaction rates and suppress cathodic activationimparting corrosion resistance. The effect of Ge was translated into a ternary (and mechanically relevant) Mg-alloy system for the first time, revealing an alloy system with a balance of properties, and low rate of corrosion relative to Mg-alloys to date.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneously improving the corrosion resistance and strength of magnesium via low levels of Zn and Ge additions

et al. 2018

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“…In aqueous environments, the cathodic reaction is the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), given by 2H2O + 2e -→ H2 + 2OH -. This phenomenon has often been termed the 'negative difference effect (NDE)' and whilst having been reported for several decades [1][2][3][4][5][7][8][9][10] . Recently, Williams and co-workers have unambiguously highlighted a so-called anodically induced 'cathodic activation' using the scanning vibrating electrode technique 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Survey of the Cathodic Activation of Metals Including Mg, Sc, Gd, La, Al, Sn, Pb, and Ge in Dilute Chloride Solutions of Varying pH

et al. 2017

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The kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have been reported to increase upon pure magnesium (Mg) surfaces, following prior anodic polarisation or corrosion. This phenomenon is termed anodically induced 'cathodic activation', which is not necessarily an elementary concept. The tendencies of other metals to exhibit cathodic activation has not been systematically explored in the past. In this study, an experimental survey of cathodic activation was conducted for different metals on the basis of understanding the origin of the cathodic activation phenomenon on Mg; including the metals Sc, Gd, La, Al, Sn, Pb and Ge, in 0.1 M NaCl with pH ranging from 3-11. Sc, Gd, La and Mg showed cathodic activation in solutions of various pH, whereas Al showed cathodic activation only in an acidic solution. Sn, Pb and Ge did not show significant cathodic activation across the pH range tested. It is proposed on the basis of the results herein, metals that tend to directly react with water to form hydroxides in aqueous electrolytes have a higher tendency to demonstrate cathodic activation.

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“…This again suggests that control of the anodic behavior of adjacent phases can be used to limit adverse effects of the intermetallics. Another alternative, also investigated by this group, may be to suppress cathodic kinetics directly, e.g., via cathodic “poisons” such as As or Ge …”

Section: Rare Earth Application To Magnesium Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of the Rare Earths to Magnesium and Titanium Metallurgy in Australia

Biesiekierski

Wen

2019

Advanced Materials

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These elements have huge relevance in the modern world, in applications spanning electronics, biomedicine, structural materials, and more; many rely on their unique electronic properties as the only nonradioactive elements with electrons occupying the f-subshell. [1] However, REEs have long been topics of moderate interest for their application in metallurgy, such as the bulk purification of steels and other alloys, or the improvement of the hightemperature properties of Mg alloys. [3] In recent years, however, progress in materials science has intensified interest in the REE elements. Notably, these are the rise of magnesium (Mg)-based alloys for both biodegradable implant materials and highly weight-sensitive applications in the automotive and aerospace sectors, and the growth of powder-metallurgy (PM) and additive-manufacturing (AM) fabrication methods for titanium (Ti). This change can be seen graphically in Figure 1, with the sharp spike in publications starting shortly after the new millennium. Thus, the importance of REEs, particularly the L-REEs, is highlighted in both the biomedical sector and in high-performance aerospace and automotive roles. Given the biomedical sector represented some 62 000 jobs and $4.9 billion of value to the national GDP in 2016, [5] Australia is well positioned to benefit from advances in biomedical technology; the recent launch of the Australian Space Agency suggests that the aerospace sector may soon grow as well. [6] As such, here, we will attempt to summarize relevant research over the past decade in this field, highlighting work from Australian institutions; the aim of this summary is to help assist in both understanding the current state-of-the-art, and to identify promising areas for future research where Australia is well positioned to leverage existing expertise. Rare Earth Application to Magnesium AlloysMuch of the current research on REE-containing alloys is concerned with Mg alloy systems. Mg-based alloys have long been attractive options in aerospace and automotive applications; at ≈1.7-8 g cm −3 , Mg-based alloys have the lowest density of the common structural metals by a substantial margin, [7] yielding exceptional specific strengths/stiffnesses ideal for weightsensitive applications. Beyond aerospace and automotive sectors, however, the last two decades have seen the sharp rise in interest by the biomedical sector. In this regard, Mg and its alloys are again well suited; Mg shows exceedingly low toxicities coupled with numerous bioactive effects, and can achieve Rare earth elements (REEs) have found application in metallurgical processes for nearly a century due to their unique chemical and physical properties but have gained increased attention in recent decades. Notably, the use of these elements may assist in the development of advanced magnesium and titanium products for applications spanning biomedicine, aerospace, and the automotive industry. To this end, current progress in this area, highlighting work done in Australian research organizations with partic...

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Controlling the corrosion and cathodic activation of magnesium via microalloying additions of Ge

Cited by 68 publications

References 39 publications

Simultaneously improving the corrosion resistance and strength of magnesium via low levels of Zn and Ge additions

Simultaneously improving the corrosion resistance and strength of magnesium via low levels of Zn and Ge additions

An Experimental Survey of the Cathodic Activation of Metals Including Mg, Sc, Gd, La, Al, Sn, Pb, and Ge in Dilute Chloride Solutions of Varying pH

The Application of the Rare Earths to Magnesium and Titanium Metallurgy in Australia

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