Controlling the Cooling Process – Measurement, Analysis, and Quality Assurance

Troell, Eva; Kristoffersen, Hans; Bodin, Jan; Segerberg, S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-096532-1.01204-8

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Over the following years, several projects were carried out in the equipment described above [4][5][6][7]. Examples of some of the results are given here.…”

Section: Cold Chamber Gas Cooling For Lowpollution Hardeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching for the Future—In Memoriam of Sören Segerberg

Troell

2023

Berg Huettenmaenn Monatsh

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Sören Segerberg passed away on July 27, 2021 at the age of 78. Born in 1943 he graduated from Materials Science and Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1968 with a degree in metallurgical science. Sören Segerberg was a leading expert in the quenching area. From 1979 on and the next 25 years, he worked in research and development at the Institute for Engineering Technology Research (IVF, today RISE) in Gothenburg, Sweden. He was one of the initiators of the development and sale of IVF’s Quenchotest/ivf SmartQuench, an equipment for quality control of cooling curve measurement. He was also a contributor in the development of ASTM D6200 and ISO 9950.During his time at RISE, many projects in the field of quenching were carried out involving cooling characteristics of quenchants, classification of quench oils and polymers as well as correlation between quenching characteristics of quenching media and hardness. In the early 90s, one focus lay on environmental adapted quenchants and methods. The work included spray-quenching with e.g. water/air-mixtures, fluidized bed and, of course, cooling in gas. The latter was an extensive part of the work, also including an equipment with an atmospheric furnace connected to a cold high-pressure gas cooling chamber.Pressures up to 40 bar helium and up to 10 bar with nitrogen could be used. The aim was to study whether gas cooling could be used as an environmental adapted replacement for oil or salt cooling. Today the use of cooling in gas has substantially increased and has proven to be a sustainable alternative to liquid quenching, especially oils.

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“…Over the following years, several projects were carried out in the equipment described above [4][5][6][7]. Examples of some of the results are given here.…”

Section: Cold Chamber Gas Cooling For Lowpollution Hardeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching for the Future—In Memoriam of Sören Segerberg

Troell

2023

Berg Huettenmaenn Monatsh

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“…Some of the distortion caused by the heat treatment process is so severe that mechanical straighteners, shown in Figure 2, are added to the production line to reduce the distortion to meet quality requirements. Reducing/controlling quenching distortion can be achieved by: designing an effective quenching process, choosing the right quenchant [7] , and monitoring the oil quality [8] continuously, so that the process can consistently provide sufficient quenching power to produce parts with specified hardness, yet minimize the distortion induced in the cooling processes. Since aluminum quenching and steel quenching share many commonalities, it is the motivation of this research to develop a systematic method to describe the quenching power of a general quenchant so that it could support a wide variety of applications.…”

Section: Quenching Power and Metal Quenching Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Construction of Analytical Cooling Curves from ASTM D6200 Data Using Multi-Variable Gradient Descent Method

Jan

Mackenzie

2021

Heat Treating Conference

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ASTM D6200 is a standard test method to evaluate cooling characteristics of quench oils. The test produces six discrete numbers representing the cooling characteristics: three temporal scales (time to cool to 600°C, 400°C, and 200°C), two cooling rates (max cooling rate and cooling rate at 300°C), and one temperature scale (at max cooling rate). One of the main purposes of ASTM D6200 is to monitor the oil quality to ensure gears are properly quenched. The current standard only includes specifications for gear quenching oil and its applications are limited to physical testing. The intent of this research is to explore the possibility of broadening the support for more quenchants and extending applications to virtual engineering. This research includes two parts. The first part is the development of a systematic method to identify the characteristic points of a cooling curve. The second part is the construction of an analytical cooling curve based on the characteristic points. The analytical cooling curve is a mathematical function of temperature versus time that can provide temperature at any given time in the quenching process. In addition, the curve is differentiable to provide the cooling rate information at any given time as well.

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“…There are abundant examples of automotive applications where quenching processes for cylinder heads were changed from water quenching to air quenching in order to meet a lower residual stress requirement [6] . Therefore, the engineering challenges of producing good quality parts hinge on choosing right quench media [7] , designing optimal quenching configurations and maintaining consistent production processes by constantly monitoring the degradation of quenchants [8] .…”

Section: Quality Control For Metal Quenchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Development of Parametrical Water Quenching Heat Transfer Model Using Quenchometer and Its Validation for All Boiling Regimes

Jan

Mackenzie²

2019

Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings From the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition

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In the water quenching process of Aluminum 319, temperature drops rapidly from solutionizing temperatures, around 500°C, to water pool temperature. In this temperature range, the quenching process goes through three boiling regimes: film boiling, transition boiling, and nucleate boiling, before reducing to convection heat transfer. Each boiling regime has unique heat transfer characteristics governed by different physics. A common method to analyze the heat transfer rate in liquid quenching is the cooling curve analysis by quenchometer. Among several methodologies to characterize heat transfer rate, we have found successes in adapting a heat transfer framework based on Leidenfrost point (LFP), minimum heat flux (MHF), and critical heat flux (CHF) to develop a CFD model for quenching process simulation. The CFD model then can be used to calculate temperature histories as well as temperature profiles and the simulation results can be sent to FEA to predict thermal residual stress and distortion. Although the LFP, MHF, and CHF framework has been proven useful for the numerical simulation of water quenching process, these parameters are not constant and they have to be calibrated through experiments for each quenching condition. The objective of this paper is to parameterize the boiling model by quenching conditions such as water pool temperature. Then the predictive model is validated by experimental data obtained by quenchometers.

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Controlling the Cooling Process – Measurement, Analysis, and Quality Assurance

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Quenching for the Future—In Memoriam of Sören Segerberg

Quenching for the Future—In Memoriam of Sören Segerberg

On the Construction of Analytical Cooling Curves from ASTM D6200 Data Using Multi-Variable Gradient Descent Method

On the Development of Parametrical Water Quenching Heat Transfer Model Using Quenchometer and Its Validation for All Boiling Regimes

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