Controlling measures of micro-plastic and nano pollutants: A short review of disposing waste toners

Ruan, Jujun; Qin, Baojia; Huang, Jiaxin

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.038

Cited by 51 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The issues Sustainability 2020, 12, 74 8 of 23 include product loss (up to 40%) as dust [53], increased investment in assets, and a reduced level for later operations. Washing eliminates toxic materials to improve the efficiency of metal extraction [77].…”

Section: Electro-mechanical Separation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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Waste from information technology (IT) and telecommunication equipment (WITTE) constitutes a significant fraction of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The presence of rare metals and hazardous materials (e.g., heavy metals or flame retardants) makes the necessary recycling procedures difficult and expensive. Important efforts are being made for Waste Printed Circuit Board (WPCB) recycling because, even if they only amount to 5-10% of the WITTE weight, they constitute up to 80% of the recovered value. This paper summarizes the recycling techniques applicable to WPCBs. In the first part, dismantling and mechanical recycling techniques are presented. Within the frame of electro-mechanical separation technology, the chain process of shredding, washing, and sieving, followed by one or a combination of magnetic, eddy current, corona electrostatic, triboelectrostatic, or gravity separation techniques, is presented. The chemical and electrochemical processes are of utmost importance for the fine separation of metals coming from complex equipment such as WPCBs. Thermal recycling techniques such as pyrolysis and thermal treatment are presented as complementary solutions for achieving both an extra separation stage and thermal energy. As the recycling processes of WPCBs require adequate, efficient, and ecological recycling techniques, the aim of this survey is to identify and highlight the most important ones. Due to the high economic value of the resulting raw materials relative to the WPCBs' weight and composition, their recycling represents both a necessary environmental protection action, as well as an economic opportunity.

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Section: Electro-mechanical Separation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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“…Recent attempts are focused on the generation of value-added products from waste toner, without polluting the environment (Table 3). Ruan et al have developed a set of processes for the treatment of waste toner and integrated in the production line of waste printer cartridge recycling system [24]. Using this technology, microplastics and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were recovered from waste toners in a series of eco-friendly vacuum gasification and condensation processes (Figure 3).…”

Section: Emerging Trends In Recycling Toner Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Emerging Trends in Toner Waste Recycling: A Review

Parthasarathy¹

2021

Recycling

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Toner waste is one of the major electronic waste materials posing serious environmental threat and health hazards. Globally, only about 20–30% of toner waste is recycled, while the remaining percentage is dumped in landfills. Recycling options are limited due to the desirably engineered durability of toners, ascribed to a complicated composition of chemicals, carbon black, and plastic particles, which in turn creates critical challenges in recycling. The World Health Organization has classified toner waste as class 2B carcinogen due to its potential health hazard. In this review, the existing challenges in toner waste recycling are discussed from the perspective of environmental, health, and feasibility aspects. In parallel, the challenges have been opening up alternative strategies to recycle toner wastes. Emerging trends in toner waste recycling include transformation of toner waste into value-added products, utilization as raw material for nanomaterial synthesis, generation of composite electrodes for power generation/storage devices, integration into construction materials, and development of microwave absorbing composites. Considering the enormous volume of toner waste generated globally every year, better recycling and transformation strategies are needed immediately. A circular economy could be established in the future by transforming the enormous toner waste into a resource for other applications. For an effective management of toner waste in the future, an integrated approach involving policies and legislations, infrastructure for collection and treatment, and financial planning among the stakeholders is needed in addition to technological innovations.

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“…Whereas plastic objects are fragmenting, smaller pieces enter the total environment (Barnes et al., 2009; Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, 2014; Ivar Do Sul and Costa, 2014; Lavender Law and Thompson, 2014; Vigneri, 2016): smaller than 5 mm microplastics (e.g., Duis and Coors, 2016) are released in the size of small nanometric (da Costa et al., 2016), micrometric (Gregory, 1996; Fendall and Sewell, 2009) or millimetric pellets (Thompson et al., 2009). The security of these micro- and nano-particles is quite ambiguous, but rather unoptimistic (Nel et al., 2006; Ruan et al., 2018). But, although in the aquatic environments there were many descriptions, the presence of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems were quite rarer in the literature of the past (de Souza Machado et al., 2018; Gallo et al., 2018; Horton et al., 2017; Ng et al., 2018; Nizzetto et al., 2016b; Rochman, 2018; Scheurer and Bigalke, 2018; Weithmann et al., 2018; Zhang and Liu, 2018).…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource or waste? A perspective of plastics degradation in soil with a focus on end-of-life options

Scalenghe

2018

Heliyon

110

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‘Capable-of-being-shaped’ synthetic compounds are prevailing today over horn, bone, leather, wood, stone, metal, glass, or ceramic in products that were previously left to natural materials. Plastic is, in fact, economical, simple, adaptable, and waterproof. Also, it is durable and resilient to natural degradation (although microbial species capable of degrading plastics do exist). In becoming a waste, plastic accumulation adversely affects ecosystems. The majority of plastic debris pollutes waters, accumulating in oceans. And, the behaviour and the quantity of plastic, which has become waste, are rather well documented in the water, in fact. This review collects existing information on plastics in the soil, paying particular attention to both their degradation and possible re-uses. The use of plastics in agriculture is also considered. The discussion is organised according to their resin type and the identification codes used in recycling programs. In addition, options for post-consumer plastics are considered. Acknowledged indicators do not exist, and future study they will have to identify viable and shared methods to measure the presence and the degradation of individual polymers in soils.

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Controlling measures of micro-plastic and nano pollutants: A short review of disposing waste toners

Cited by 51 publications

References 17 publications

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Challenges and Emerging Trends in Toner Waste Recycling: A Review

Resource or waste? A perspective of plastics degradation in soil with a focus on end-of-life options

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