ControllingAedes albopictusandCulex pipiens pallensusing silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract ofCassia fistulafruit pulp and its mode of action

Abstract

Mosquitoes act as key vector for transmission of devastating parasites and pathogens which affect millions of people globally. In this research, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles of Cassia fistula fruit pulp as an innovative and operative tool against vector mosquitoes is presented. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by a series of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope and confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and X-ray diffraction. Silver nanoparticles were highly effective against the larvae (I-IV instar) and pupae of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment. Ae. albopictus had LC50 values ranging from 8.3 mg/L (I instar) to 17.3 mg/L (pupae) and LC50 ranging from 1.1 mg/L (I instar) to 19.0 mg/L (pupae) against Cx. pipiens pallens. The systemic effect of AgNPs was further assessed in the fourth instar larvae of Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens pallens by measuring the levels of total proteins and activity of two important marker enzymes: Acetylcholinesterase and α- and β-carboxylesterase. Overall, the findings of the study suggest that the use of Cassia fistula-fruit pulp extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles can be used for controlling vector mosquitoes. This is the first report on the mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of AgNPs synthesized by Cassia fistula fruit pulp and its possible mechanism of action.

Green-Synthesization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Garlic and Its Antifungal Activity against Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

“…However, in the presence of the biosynthesized AgNPs at 5, 10, 15 and 20 µg/mL, the OD260 values were 1.70, 2.10, 2.45 and 2.67, respectively ( Figure 4A), while the OD280 values were 2.70, 3.23, 3.86 and 4.47, respectively ( Figure 4B). In agreement with the results of this study, previous studies have indicated that the accumulation of AgNPs on the cell membrane is able to cause cell membrane damage, which results in leakage and the release of cellular contents, including DNA and proteins [16,30,38].…”

“…The result of this study suggest that biosynthesized AgNPs have a great potential in reducing DON contamination in cereals that are infected by F. graminearum. In agreement with the result of our study, biosynthesized AgNPs have been found to be effective in thwarting the production of the mycotoxins of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus [16].…”

“…The effect of AgNPs on the leakage of DNA and proteins from F. graminearum strain PH−1 cells was determined by measuring the optical density (OD) of the spore supernatant at 260 and 280 nm, and this process was performed according to the method of Khalil et al [16] with slight modifications. In brief, the spore suspension (1 × 10 6 spores/mL) was prepared by incubating F. graminearum strain PH−1 at 28°C for 24 h in the PDB medium, which was supplemented with four different concentrations of AgNPs.…”

“…For example, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to significantly inhibit the hyphal growth of a variety of foliar and soil-borne plant pathogen [14,15]. In addition, more and more attention has been paid to the biosynthesis of AgNPs by using eco-friendly materials, such as plant extracts and microorganisms, which are safer than traditional physical and chemical methods [16][17][18][19].…”

Eco-friendly approach to control dengue vector Aedes aegypti larvae with their enzyme modulation by Lumnitzera racemosa fabricated zinc oxide nanorods

“…aegypti larvae by ZnO NRs using mangrove plant extracts. However silver nanoparticles synthesized using Cassia fistula-fruit pulp extract demonstrated lowered AChE activity of 62% in Aedes albopictus larvae [79]. Similarly, inhibition in AChE activity was observed by α-chitin nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles synthesized using shells of Penaeus monodon Fabricius and their nanocomposite when treated against Ae.…”