Controlling Elements in Maize

Fincham, J. R. S.; Sastry, G. R. K.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.08.120174.000311

Cited by 279 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Interallelic complementation involving the regulatory elements of the S complex has been previously reported in Oenothera and Nicotiana (Lewis, 1958;Pandey, 1967;Fincham and Sastry, 1974).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Further evidence for egg transformation in Nicotiana

Pandey

1980

Heredity

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SUMMARYTransformation of the egg by irradiated pollen has now been achieved in all five Nicotiana species tested, using self-compatible as well as self-incompatible species as the female parent. The self-incompatibility gene (S) and flower colour and pollen colour genes have been transferred in this manner. In one species combination, N. bonariensis 9 (n = 9) x N. glauca (n = 12) donor, the transformed progeny having an S allele from the donor parent, were fertile and fully maternal in general morphology and chromosome number. Sexual hybrids are morphologically distinct from both parents and are completely sterile. This rules Out the possibility that any pollen may have escaped the lethal dose of radiation and achieved normal fertilisation.Transformation may occur in association with parthenogenetic diploidy, or a second, normal fertilisation by unirradiated pollen. The transferred gene may be expressed in the first (Ti) generation or may be suppressed until the following sexual generation (T2). The observations suggest that a major gene closely linked with the S locus promotes development of the S transformed egg into a viable diploid seed, thus aiding recovery of transformed progeny. On the reasonable assumption that the S locus is only one of several genes that are transformed together in one act of pseudofertilisation it is suggested that the S locus may be used as a selection marker in the practical application of egg transformation in plant improvement.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Further evidence for egg transformation in Nicotiana

Pandey

1980

Heredity

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“…Barbara McClintock first discovered transposable elements in the 1940s during studies of maize and called them ''controlling elements'' because they had the ability to alter normal patterns of gene expression in a variety of ways (29). These alterations are dependent on the activity state of the transposable element (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetically regulated epigenetic transcriptional activation of retrotransposon insertion confers mouse dactylaplasia phenotype

Kano

Kurahashi

Toda

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Dactylaplasia, characterized by missing central digital rays, is an inherited mouse limb malformation that depends on two genetic loci. The first locus, Dac, is an insertional mutation around the dactylin gene that is inherited as a semidominant trait. The second locus is an unlinked modifier, mdac/Mdac, that is polymorphic among inbred strains. Mdac dominantly suppresses the dactylaplasia phenotype in mice carrying Dac. However, little is known about either locus or the nature of their interaction. Here we show that Dac is a LTR retrotransposon insertion caused by the type D mouse endogenous provirus element (MusD). This insertion exhibits different epigenetic states and spatiotemporally expresses depending on the mdac/Mdac modifier background. In dactylaplasia mutants (Dac/؉ mdac/mdac), the LTRs of the insertion contained unmethylated CpGs and active chromatin. Furthermore, MusD elements expressed ectopically at the apical ectodermal ridge of limb buds, accompanying the dactylaplasia phenotype. On the other hand, in Dac mutants carrying Mdac (Dac/؉ Mdac/mdac), the 5 LTR of the insertion was heavily methylated and enriched with inactive chromatin, correlating with inhibition of the dactylaplasia phenotype. Ectopic expression was not observed in the presence of Mdac, which we refined to a 9.4-Mb region on mouse chromosome 13. We report a pathogenic mutation caused by MusD. Our findings indicate that ectopic expression from the MusD insertion correlates with the dactylaplasia phenotype and that Mdac acts as a defensive factor to protect the host genome from pathogenic MusD insertions.dactylin ͉ ectrodactyly ͉ LTR ͉ split hand/split foot malformation ͉ methylation D actylaplasia is an inherited mouse limb malformation that is characterized by missing central digital rays. The Dac mutation is inherited as a semidominant trait, evidenced by missing central digits in the fore-and hindlimbs of heterozygous mice and monodactyly in homozygous mice (1, 2). The Dac locus has been mapped to the distal end of chromosome 19. Two independent Dac mutant alleles, Dac 1J and Dac 2J , arose spontaneously in breeding colonies. Both are insertions residing within the same locus: Dac 1J is located in the region upstream of the dactylin gene, and Dac 2J is located in intron 5 of dactylin (3). Southern blot analysis indicated that both insertions are larger than 4.5 kb; however, ''jumping PCR'' identified only the LTR portion of the insertion (3). Partial PCR products terminating in the 5Ј and 3Ј LTRs cross-prime each other, resulting in amplified products that lack any of the internal sequence between LTRs. Therefore, these insertions were thought to be caused by an early transposon (ETn) element, which is a common mutagen in mice (4, 5).Split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM) in humans is a congenital limb malformation that has an ectrodactyly phenotype analogous to that of the dactylaplasia mouse. SHFM is genetically heterogeneous; to date, five different loci, SHFM1 to SHFM5, have been mapped. Dactylaplasia is a mouse model of S...

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“…In this regard, it might be analogous to the lnhibitor and 0 s elements of maize and the Tam2 element of snapdragon, which are nonautonomous, truncated derivatives of EnlSpm, Ac, and Taml, respectively (McClintock, 1948;Fincham and Sastry, 1974;Pereira et al, 1985;Upadhyaya et al, 1985). As an alga1 transposon with properties resembling those of a family of higher plant transposons, Jordan joins the Chlamydomonas element Gulliver, which has features in common with the AclDs family (Ferris, 1989).…”

Section: Jordan 1s a Classical Eukaryotic Transposon Similar To Some mentioning

confidence: 99%

Jordan, an active Volvox transposable element similar to higher plant transposons.

1993

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We have isolated a 1595-bp transposable element from the multicellular green alga Volvox carteri following its insertion into the nitrate reductase (nitA) locus. This element, which we have named Jordan, has short (12-bp) terminal inverted repeats and creates a 3-bp target site duplication, like some higher plant transposons of the classic type. Contained within the first 200 bp of one end of the element are 55-bp inverted repeats, one of which begins with the terminal inverted repeat. Revertants of the transposon insertion into the nitA locus were obtained at a rate of . u~O -~ per Volvox embryo per generation. In each revertant examined, all transposon sequences were completely excised, but footprints containing both sets of duplicated bases, in addition to three to nine extra bases, were left behind. Jordan contains no significant open reading frames and so appean to be nonautonomous. DNA gel blot analysis indicates that Jordan is a member of a large family of homologous elements in the Volvox genome. We have isolated and characterized several of these homologs and found that they contain termini very similar to those of Jordan. Efforts to utilize Jordan and its homologs as tools to tag and clone developmentally interesting genes of Volvox are discussed.

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Controlling Elements in Maize

Cited by 279 publications

References 3 publications

Further evidence for egg transformation in Nicotiana

Further evidence for egg transformation in Nicotiana

Genetically regulated epigenetic transcriptional activation of retrotransposon insertion confers mouse dactylaplasia phenotype

Jordan, an active Volvox transposable element similar to higher plant transposons.

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