Controlling Cotton's Insect Pests: A New System

Adkisson, Perry L.; Niles, G. A.; Walker, J. K.; Bird, L. S.; Scott, Helen B.

doi:10.1126/science.216.4541.19

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…For example, in studies designed to assess effects of insecticides (Crossland 1982, Crossland and Elgar 1983, Hansen and Garton 1982, single-species laboratory toxicity tests adequately predicted direct lethality to component species in the stream and pond ecosystems but failed to predict the algal blooms result-ing from the death of herbivorous invertebrates. Pesticide-resistant strains of major cotton pests evolved, while their primary predators were eradicated by the same pesticides (Adkisson et al 1982). Pesticide-resistant strains of major cotton pests evolved, while their primary predators were eradicated by the same pesticides (Adkisson et al 1982).…”

Section: An Ecosystem Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Limitations of Laboratory Bioassays: The Need for Ecosystem-Level Testing

Kimball¹,

Levin²

1985

BioScience

252

156

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. University of California Press and American Institute of Biological Sciences are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to BioScience. Laboratory bioassays provide a first step in testing for chemical effects on ecosystems but are inadequate for predicting effects on natural populations and on ecosystem-level features. For these purposes we need microcosm studies, controlled experimental manipulations of whole ecosystems, and a sound theoretical basis for extrapolation.In its responsibility to evaluate the potential effects of chemical substances proposed for release into the environment, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) faces profound challenges. The American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstract Service lists some 6 million chemicals, with an estimated 63,000 in common use today (Maugh 1983). Passage during the 1970s of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) as well as major amendments to the Clean Water Act (CWA); Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) meant that EPA had to evaluate data supplied by regulatees on the potential deleterious health and environmental effects of numerous chemical substances or mixtures (Bedford 1984). Even before this legislation, EPA and its predecessor agencies were required to establish criteria to protect human health and the environment against pollutants. Yet little was known about the range of sensitivity of organisms to various anthropogenic chemicals, and the basic concepts of ecosystem structure and function were not well established. Earlier researchers (Forbes 1887, Forbes and Richardson Kimball is with the Research Department, Appalachian Mountain Club, Gorham, NH 03851, and Levin (to whom all correspondence should be directed) is with the

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Section: An Ecosystem Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Limitations of Laboratory Bioassays: The Need for Ecosystem-Level Testing

Kimball¹,

Levin²

1985

BioScience

252

156

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“…Man's attempts to control the pests that affect cotton in northeastern Mexico and the southern United States is a good example of the problems that occur with resistance and the alterations of community structure caused by differential susceptibility of organisms to environmental chemicals (176). During the period 1945 to the mid-1950s there was almost complete control of the main pests-the boll weevil and the cotton fleahopper-by OC pesticides and there was a spectacular increase in cotton production.…”

Section: Biological Indicators Of Susceptibility At the Individual Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

12th Meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: Susceptibility to Environmental Hazards

Barrett¹,

Vainio²,

Peakall³

et al. 1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The 12th meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC) considered the topic of methodologies for determining human and ecosystem susceptibility to environmental hazards. The report prepared at the meeting describes measurement of susceptibility through the use of biological markers of exposure, biological markers of effect, and biomarkers directly indicative of susceptibility of humans or of ecosystems. The utility and validity of these biological markers for the study of susceptibility are evaluated, as are opportunities for developing newer approaches for the study of humans or of ecosystems. For the first time a SGOMSEC workshop also formally considered the issue of ethics in relation to methodology, an issue of particular concern for studies of susceptibility.Environ Health Perspect 1 05(Suppl 4): 699-737 (1997)

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“…In humid areas till agriculture could be replaced with tree crops. was implemented which produced greater net profit by reducing the use of insecticides, fertilizers, and irrigation (Adkisson et al 1982). In the rainforests, instead of destroying the forests and tilling the generally infertile soils, tropical plants should be sought for their ability to produce food and fiber; some plants have already been identified (National Academy of Sciences 1975a, Vietmeyer 1986).…”

Section: Alternatives To Till Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Life

Mielke¹

1989

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and the skilled people at Unwin Hyman were steadfast and helpful at every point in the writing and publishing craft. To all the above people my sincerest thanks. I profited from their interest and assistance and the book has been greatly improved and enriched as a result of their efforts and helpful advice. Whatever errors and deficiencies that remain are not theirs, but mine.I wish to dedicate this book to my students who nurtured thinking about patterns of life and to my daughter Beverly Ann who is a constant inspiration and motivates thoughts about now and the future.

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Controlling Cotton's Insect Pests: A New System

Cited by 45 publications

References 1 publication

Limitations of Laboratory Bioassays: The Need for Ecosystem-Level Testing

Limitations of Laboratory Bioassays: The Need for Ecosystem-Level Testing

12th Meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: Susceptibility to Environmental Hazards

Patterns of Life

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