energy gap. [4] By controlling the size and shape, the bandgap of graphene nanoribbons can transform from semimetals to semiconductors, which makes it possible for electronic application of graphene. In addition, atomic-scale engineering of graphene edges can generate a robust magnetic order. [5] Another important research field of graphene is the fabrication of graphene-based heterostructures, which is a type of structure consisting of stacked 2D materials. [6] The electronic properties of graphene-based heterostructures can be engineered by controlling the twist angle between component layers. Recent studies have observed Hofstadter's butterfly in graphene-h-BN heterostructures with small angle. [7] Moreover, a bilayer graphene heterostructure system with "magic" angle can realize intrinsic unconventional superconductivity. [8] Thanks to the development of various nanotechnologies, the nanostructures of CNTs and graphenes can be engineered into desired morphology and structures. Herein, we first review the techniques to engineer CNT-based nanostructures, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), AFM, and optical microscope. Then we introduce recent progress of engineering technologies for graphene-based nanostructures. Finally, we give an insight of applications in low-dimensional carbon-based electronics, such as CNT transistors, graphene-based nanoenvelopes, and graphene-contacted CNT field-effect transistors (FETs), which are promising components in future electronics.
Engineering CNT-Based NanostructuresControllable manipulation of individual CNTs is very important for their applications. During the past years, many techniques have been developed for this purpose. These techniques can be realized using TEM, SEM, AFM, or even optical microscope. [9] TEM and SEM are widely used in characterization of the structure and morphology of CNTs. For the manipulation of CNTs with nanoscale resolution, nanomanipulator systems have been developed in the past years. [10] A reliable method was proposed by Zettl and co-workers to control the morphology of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) inside a TEM. [11] During an electrically driven vaporization process, the outer layers of MWNTs were being removed successively. Ren and co-workers observed atomic-scale imaging of wallby-wall breakdown of MWNTs inside a TEM equipped with a Engineering the morphology and structure of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials is important to study their mechanical and electrical properties and even superconductivity. Herein, first the techniques that are used to engineer carbon nanotubes, including manipulation, morphology modification, and fabrication of complex nanostructures, are reviewed. This is followed by a summary of the methods applied to fabricate graphene nanostructures, such as heterostructures and nanoenvelopes of graphene. Lastly, an insight into the applications of low-dimensional-carbon-based electronics is given, such as carbon nanotube (CNT) transistors, graphene-based nano enve...