Controlling coaches’ behaviour, psychological need thwarting, motivation and results of the volleyball competitions

Abstract

The aim of the study was to adapt and validate an Estonian version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II) [21], the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS) [5] and Controlling Coach Behaviours Scale (CCBS) [6] in girls' volleyball domain. SMS-II, CCBS and PNTS were assessed in 298 (U-20 42%, U-16 58%) volleyball girls from several clubs who took part in U-16 and U-20 Estonian Volleyball Federation Cup in 2015. After modifying the SMS-II, CCBS and PNTS questionnaire, all reliability demonstrated good content. In the top ranking list of the competitions the teams from one to six formed the winner group and six from bottom formed loser group. The older athletes of the winner group (U-20) were more externally motivated and perceived their coaches using more excessive personal control, negative conditional regard than the group of losers. The younger athletes of the winner group (U-16) were less autonomously motivated and perceived their coaches using more negative conditional regard and thwarting need of the competence than the group of losers. The findings of this study showed that youth athletes who are winners or losers perceive their coaches' behavior differently.

The role of perceived coaching behaviours on sport performance among female aesthetic group gymnasts

“…Results of the study by Gillet et al [11] showed that perceived autonomy-supportive behaviour from coaches facilitated national level judokas' autonomous motivation toward their sport, and that autonomous motivation promoted judokas' situational autonomous motivation before a competition, which, in turn, positively predicted their actual sport performance. Interestingly, however, the study by Karjane and Hein [22] showed that U-20 volleyball players from the winning team perceived their coaches to exhibit higher levels of controlling behaviour (i.e., intimidation, negative conditional regard, and excessive personal control) compared with players from the losing team. Moreover, winners scored significantly higher on external regulation, i.e., the most controlled form of motivation, compared with losers.…”

Organizational stressors and basic psychological needs: The mediating role of athletes' appraisal mechanisms

“…The main rationale for this suggestion is that organizational stressors appear to possess many similar characteristics to the demands and constraints emanating from a person's social environment-factors which have been empirically demonstrated to predict basic psychological needs. 26,27 Furthermore, Deci and Ryan 20 suggest that in addition to social factors, personal factors such as cognitive appraisals, may also satisfy or frustrate psychological needs. It is, therefore, important that research addresses both the social and personal antecedents of need experiences.…”

“…The primary purpose of this study was to examine how athletes appraise the organizational stressors they encounter and how this relates to the satisfaction or frustration of their * In view of this evidence-based rationale 26,27 the focus of this study will be to examine the directional relationship between cognitive appraisals of organizational stressors and psychological needs. As the relationship between a person's basic needs and his or her cognitive appraisal has been tested previously, 24 this direction is not the focus of the current study.…”

“…To move beyond this and extend understanding in the area, we contend that appraisals of organizational stressors may also predict need satisfaction and frustration rather than merely being a product of these constructs. The main rationale for this suggestion is that organizational stressors appear to possess many similar characteristics to the demands and constraints emanating from a person's social environment—factors which have been empirically demonstrated to predict basic psychological needs . Furthermore, Deci and Ryan suggest that in addition to social factors, personal factors such as cognitive appraisals, may also satisfy or frustrate psychological needs.…”

“… In view of this evidence‐based rationale the focus of this study will be to examine the directional relationship between cognitive appraisals of organizational stressors and psychological needs. As the relationship between a person's basic needs and his or her cognitive appraisal has been tested previously, this direction is not the focus of the current study.…”