“…Table 1 shows the results of the chosen benchmarking functions. According to the above, there is only one local minima value for unimodal test functions, but multimodal test functions have multiple local minima values as the number of task dimensions increases [24]. However, based on the above result, it is clear that unimodal test functions (F1, F2, F3, and F4), multimodal test functions (F5, F6, F7, and F8), and fixed multimodal test functions (F9, F10, F11, and F12) tend to reach towards more optimal minimum value than that HHO and SSA.…”