Controlled Release of Herbicides—Theory

Collins, R. L.; Doglia, S.; Mazak, R. A.; Samulski, Edward T.

doi:10.1017/s0043174500031556

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Controlled-re lease formulations have the potential to reduce herbicide leaching by maintaining the threshold concentration of active ingredient needed in the soil for weed control while the unreleased, encapsulated herbicide remains unavail able for leaching and degradation. Controlled release of active ingredient may also extend the period of weed control and potential for residue carryover with a given quantity of herbicide by slowing degradation and main taining the threshold concentration for a longer period of time (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weed Control with Starch-Encapsulated Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Atrazine

Buhler¹,

Schreiber

Koskinen³

1994

Weed technol.

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Field research was conducted at Rosemount, MN in 1990 and 1991 to determine the effect of starch encapsulation on weed control in corn with alachlor, metolachlor, and atrazine under two weed densities. At low weed densities (122 total plants/m2), giant foxtail and Pennsylvania smartweed control were not different with full rates of herbicide applied in starch encapsulated or commercial formulations. Velvetleaf control was less with starch-encapsulated than commercial formulations regardless of velvetleaf density. At high giant foxtail densities (740 plants/m2), control was not affected by formulation with full rates of alachlor plus atrazine. However, giant foxtail control was less with starch-encapsulated formulations than commercial formulations with 75% rates of alachlor plus atrazine and both 75 and 100% rates of metolachlor plus atrazine. At low weed densities, corn yield was not different with any treatment, except starch-encapsulated metolachlor plus atrazine at 75% rates, compared to the weed-free control. Alachlor plus atrazine at full rates was the only starch-encapsulated treatment to result in corn yield not different from the weed-free control at high weed densities. Conversely, all commercial formulation treatments resulted in corn yields not different from the weed-free control at high weed densities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weed Control with Starch-Encapsulated Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Atrazine

Buhler¹,

Schreiber

Koskinen³

1994

Weed technol.

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“…Acute toxicity of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, dinotefuran and nitenpyram to honey bees is higher than that of pyrethroids, while toxicity of acetamiprid and thiacloprid is increased by synergism with ergosterol-inhibiting fungicides [134,242] and antibiotics [116]. Thus, neonicotinoids can pose a high risk to honey bees, bumble bees [176, 263] and wasps [90].…”

Section: Insecticides Acting On Nachrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymer + Insecticide um moves towards the right side and the level of the applied herbicide tends to go up ( ure 5). tions have a limited maximum amount for the release of the biocide [116]. This means that the corporated to the formulation neither to the amount of free applied product [117].…”

Section: Polymer Insecticidementioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

Trdan¹

2013

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All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.

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“…Release rates of pesticides from granules are described as either reservoir systems in which the release rate is governed by diffusion across a membrane (diffusion equation) or by a monolithic system in which the pesticide is dispersed or dissolved within the granule and the release rate is given by the rate of change in surface area of the granule 1, 2. Diffusion mechanisms are well understood with respect to the resulting linear differential governing equation, and summaries have been given of the various differential and partial differential equations that describe this process 3, 4.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing herbicide formulation characteristics to maximize efficacy and minimize rice injury in paddy environments

Cryer¹,

Erhardt‐Zabik²,

Keeney³

et al. 2001

Pest Management Science

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Mathematical descriptors, coupled with experimental observations, are used to quantify differential uptake of an experimental herbicide in Japonica and Indica rice (Oryza sativa, non-target) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli, target). Partitioning, degradation, plant uptake and metabolism are described using mass-balance conservation equations in the form of kinetic approximations. Estimated environmental concentrations, governed by the pesticide formulation, are described using superimposed analytical solutions for the one-dimensional diffusion equation in spherical coordinates and by a finite difference representation of the two-dimensional diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinates. Formulation attributes from granules include active ingredient release rates, particle sizes, pesticide loading, and granule spacing. The diffusion model for pesticide transport is coupled with the compartment model to follow the fate and transport of a pesticide from its initial application location to various environmental matrices of interest. Formulation effects, partitioning and degradation in the various environmental matrices, differential plant uptake and metabolism, and dose-response information for plants are accounted for. This novel model provides a mechanism for selecting formulation delivery systems that optimize specific attributes (such as weed control or the therapeutic index) for risk-assessment procedures. In this report we describe how this methodology was used to explore the factors affecting herbicide efficacy and to define an optimal release rate for a granule formulation.

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Controlled Release of Herbicides—Theory

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

Weed Control with Starch-Encapsulated Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Atrazine

Weed Control with Starch-Encapsulated Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Atrazine

Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

Designing herbicide formulation characteristics to maximize efficacy and minimize rice injury in paddy environments

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