Controlled release of biologics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that poses a significant burden to the United States healthcare system. Despite the many available treatments for the disease, close to half of diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases are not properly managed, largely due to inadequate patient adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. Methods for improving delivery — and thereby easing administration — of type 2 drugs have the potential to greatly improve patient health. This review focuses on two peptide drugs — insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) — for treatment of type diabetes. Peptide drugs offer the benefits of high potency and specificity but pose a significant delivery challenge due to their inherent instability and short half-life. The development of insulin and GLP-1 analogs highlights the broad spectrum of drug delivery strategies that have been used to solve these problems. Numerous structural modifications and formulations have been introduced to optimize absorption, residence time, stability, route of delivery and frequency of administration. Continual improvements in delivery methods for insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists are paving the way towards better patient compliance and improved disease management, and thereby enhanced patient quality of life.

Antidiabetic Effect of Abextide, a Long‐Acting Exendin‐4 Analogue in Cynomolgus Monkeys

“…Type 2 diabetes, accounting for the majority of patients diagnosed with diabetes, is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and an inability of pancreatic beta cells to produce enough insulin . Comparing with insulins, glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) and GLP‐1 analogues have advantages with their weight lowering effects and minimal risk of hypoglycemia.…”

“…Currently several GLP‐1 analogues have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) including daily Exenatide, Liraglutide and weekly Exenatide, Albiglutide, Dulaglutide, and Semaglutide . To reduce proteolytic degradation and extend circulation half‐life, in several approved drugs, serum albumin has been used as a carrier due to the inherently long blood circulation of albumin .…”

Bioinspired Shielding Strategies for Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Applications

“…86–87 Furthermore, ELP-protein conjugates in clinical trials did not induce a significant immune response in most subjects. 88 However, while the potential application of ELP-based nanoparticle formulations has been reported, the use of ELPs as nanoparticle coatings has yet to be explored.…”

Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Gliclazide 60 mg Modified Release Tablet in Healthy Caucasian Volunteers

“…The initial dosage of gliclazide is 40 mg per day and can be increased to 320 mg daily, depending on the severity of glycaemia and disease state [11]. Modified release pharmaceutical formulations which exist already on the market release gliclazide through a gel layer which is formed as a consequence of the hydration of the tablet, thus assuring a prolonged release of the active substance for a better glycaemia control, lesser tablet administrations per day, high compliance and adherence to treatment of T2DM patients [16,17].…”