Controlled growth of PbI2 nanoplates for rapid preparation of CH3NH3PbI3 in planar perovskite solar cells

Fu, Fan; Kranz, Lukas; Yoon, Songhak; Löckinger, Johannes; Jäger, Timo; Perrenoud, J.; Feurer, Thomas; Gretener, Christina; Buecheler, Stephan; Tiwari, Ayodhya N.

doi:10.1002/pssa.201532442

Cited by 68 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…We noticed that this planar growth behavior is amplified at lower concentrations, perhaps due to the lower rate of nucleation. PbI 2 has a planar stacking structure repeating itself along the c-axis, normal to the substrate [17,44]. These planes intrinsically tend to develop from the side faces, in order to balance the surface interactive forces [5,44].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PbI 2 has a planar stacking structure repeating itself along the c-axis, normal to the substrate [17,44]. These planes intrinsically tend to develop from the side faces, in order to balance the surface interactive forces [5,44]. At low solution concentrations, the nucleation rate is low and the grain fronts are less confined by the neighboring grain borders and, therefore, propagate until the complete depletion of the solute from the diffusion layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1 shows that the Avarmi exponent of the SVPT sample is larger than that of the pristine sample. According to the literature, q 1 is expected to be in the range of 1 to 3, where~1 usually represents the formation of the rode-like 1D structures,~2 is associated with the formation of planar or disc-like 2D structures or lateral growth, and~3 is associated with the spatially-expanded or 3D columnar crystals [43][44][45][46][47]. The value of q 2 which is typically in the range of 0 to 1 indicates the contribution of nucleation in the crystallization process.…”

Section: Pristine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(001) and (101) planes of hexagonal PbI 2 crystals [14,44]. Figure 6c shows the variation of the domain size (L) and interlayer spacing (d) for the (001) plane, obtained using the following equations [17,[60][61][62]:…”

Section: Pristine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Ultrasonic Substrate Vibration on Nucleation and Crystallization of PbI2 Crystals and Thin Films

Zabihi

Eslamian

2018

Crystals

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Preparation of defect-free and well-controlled solution-processed crystalline thin films is highly desirable for emerging technologies, such as perovskite solar cells. In this work, using PbI 2 as a model solution with a vast variety of applications, we demonstrate that the excitation of a liquid thin film by imposed ultrasonic vibration on the film substrate significantly affects the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of PbI 2 and the morphology of the resulting solid thin film. It is found that by applying ultrasonic vibration to PbI 2 solution spun onto an ITO substrate with a moderate power and excitation duration (5 W and 1 min for the 40 kHz transducer used in this study), the nucleation rate increases and the crystals transform from 2D or planar to epitaxial 3D columnar structures, resulting in the suppression of crystallization dewetting. The effects of various induced physical phenomena as a result of the excitation by ultrasonic vibration are discussed, including microstreaming and micromixing, increased heat transfer and local temperature, a change in the thermodynamic state of the solution, and a decrease in the supersaturation point. It is shown that the ultrasonic-assisted solution deposition of the PbI 2 thin films is controllable and reproducible, a process which is low-cost and in line with the large-scale fabrication of such solution-processed thin films.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pristine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pristine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of the Ultrasonic Substrate Vibration on Nucleation and Crystallization of PbI2 Crystals and Thin Films

Zabihi

Eslamian

2018

Crystals

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“…It is observed that a minor peak exists at the (004) plane associated with 28.3° angle, which disappears when the film is subjected to the SVPT for 180 s, while the peak associated with the (211) plane still exists, which indicates that the crystal structure is still tetragonal. Merger of the peaks at 28.3° and 28.6° has been attributed to crystal distortion, and therefore, a change in the lattice parameters [39]. Thus, excitation of the perovskite by the vibration results in a slight lattice distortion and a change in the lattice parameters.…”

Section: Appl Sci 2018 8 308mentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitation of Wet Perovskite Films by Ultrasonic Vibration Improves the Device Performance

2018

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Abstract:In this work, a novel, facile, and low-cost mechanical post treatment technique, i.e., ultrasonic substrate vibration post treatment (SVPT) is applied on wet spun perovskite layers. The effect of varying the time of the SVPT on the characteristics of the perovskite crystals and the perovskite film is studied, in order to achieve the optimum time duration of the SVPT. Among the results, it is found that the application of only three minutes of the SVPT (for the ultrasonic vibration assembly used in this study, operated at 40 kHz) brings about significant improvement in the film coverage, and the contact between the perovskite and the m-TiO 2 layers, owing to the effective penetration of the perovskite solution into the pores, leading to a superior charge transfer, and a significant increase in the device power conversion efficiency (PCE), when compared to the control device. This unprecedented effect is repeatable when applied on both single and mixed halide perovskites, putting forward a reliable and low-cost mechanical technique for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in the lab and beyond, which could reduce or eliminate the tedious and expensive chemical optimization treatments, commonly used to increase the PCE.

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Two‐Step Sequential Deposition of Organometal Halide Perovskite for Photovoltaic Application

Chen

2017

Adv Funct Materials

135

102

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simply divided into two kinds, one-step and two-step methods. The one-step method has been adopted in pioneering works. [3,11,21] However, the naturally crystallized perovskite often exhibited an anisotropic growth, leading to low uniformity and poor coverage. [22,23] This phenomenon limited the PV performance, which should be solved by the following anti-solvent strategy. [8,12,24] For the two-step method, PbI 2 layer was first deposited, followed by the conversion to perovskite in MAI solution. [25,26] Since the deposition processes and the control strategy of PbI 2 layer are versatile and flexible, uniform and full coverage PbI 2 layer could be easily obtained, which tends to improve the quality of the perovskite layer.The first successful work on the two-step method for PSCs was reported by Burschka et al. in 2013, which obtained a record PCE of 15% at that time. [26] Soon after, tremendous following works have been conducted on the two-step method due to its high operability and good performance reproducibility. Most importantly, the great progress on the reaction/ growth mechanism of the two-step method resulted in more modified processes, which well improved perovskite quality and enhanced device performance. Typically, by combining the second spin-coating step with the optimization on MAI concentration, perovskite grain size was optimized to absorb most of visible light with the minimum recombination loss, which promoted the PCE to over 16%. [7] Then, a novel interdiffusion strategy based on two spin-coating step process further improved the perovskite quality and promoted the PCE to about 19%. [27] Recently, by applying a new Pb-I precursor of PbI 2 (DMSO), high-quality FAPbI 3 /MAPbBr 3 perovskite was obtained through intramolecular exchange between FA/MA with DMSO, which boosted the PCE to over 20%. [4] Therefore, the two-step method has been well proved to be an effective approach to synthesize high-quality perovskite for high-performance PSCs.Herein, we made a thorough review on the recent progresses on the two-step deposition of perovskite for the application in PSCs. Firstly, we will review the reaction principle at the second step, converting lead-based precursor to perovskite. Then, the researches on the deposition technique, structure, and composition of lead-based precursors will be collected and discussed, followed by a summary on the conversion technique, conversion atmosphere, and growth of large crystals at the second step. Finally, the issues on the two-step method will be stated, accompanied with proposed solutions.Organometal halide perovskite materials have become a superstar in the photovoltaic (PV) field because of their advantageous properties, which boost the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) from about 3.8% to above 22% in just seven years. Most importantly, such promising achievement is mainly based on its low-cost and solution-processed fabrication technique. One of the most promising and famous approaches to fabricating perovskite is a two-step s...

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Controlled growth of PbI₂ nanoplates for rapid preparation of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ in planar perovskite solar cells

Cited by 68 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of the Ultrasonic Substrate Vibration on Nucleation and Crystallization of PbI2 Crystals and Thin Films

Effect of the Ultrasonic Substrate Vibration on Nucleation and Crystallization of PbI2 Crystals and Thin Films

Excitation of Wet Perovskite Films by Ultrasonic Vibration Improves the Device Performance

Two‐Step Sequential Deposition of Organometal Halide Perovskite for Photovoltaic Application

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