“…The temperature sensing properties of Nd 3+ , Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ , 24 Pr 3+ , Er 3+ /Yb 3+ , 25 Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ , 26 Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ , 27 Tb 3+ /Eu 3+ , 28 Tm 3+ /Er 3+ /Yb 3+ , 29 Tm 3+ /Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ , 30 Er 3+ /Ho 3+ /Yb 3+31 and many other rare-Earth particle-doped phosphors have been studied. However, most rare-Earth ions (e.g., Tm 3+ , Er 3+ , Nd 3+ , and Ho 3+ ) have poor and narrow absorption cross sections in the near-infrared (NIR) region, which leads to insufficient UCL efficiency and limited practical application.…”