Control strategies for lighting and ventilation in offices: effects on energy and occupants

Abstract

/npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. For the publisher's version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l'éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.http://dx.doi.org/10. 3763/inbi.2009.0004 Intelligent Buildings International, 1, 2, pp. 101-121, 2009-01-01 Control strategies for lighting and ventilation in offices: effects on energy and occupants Newsham, G. R.; Mancini, S.; Veitch, J. A.; Marchand, R. G.; Lei, W.; Charles, K. E.; Arsenault, C. D. The material in this document is covered by the provisions of the Copyright Act, by Canadian laws, policies, regulations and international agreements. Such provisions serve to identify the information source and, in specific instances, to prohibit reproduction of materials without written permission. For more information visit http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/C-42Les renseignements dans ce document sont protégés par la Loi sur le droit d'auteur, par les lois, les politiques et les règlements du Canada et des accords internationaux. Ces dispositions permettent d'identifier la source de l'information et, dans certains cas, d'interdire la copie de documents sans permission écrite. ABSTRACTParticipants (N=126) spent a day in a full-scale office laboratory, completing questionnaires and standard office tasks. Some participants experienced typical constant lighting and ventilation conditions, whereas others were given personal control over the dimming of lighting in their workstation and over the flow rate of air from a ceiling-based nozzle in their workstations. Half of the participants, some with personal control and some without, were exposed to environmental changes typical of demand-response load shedding in the afternoon: Workstation illuminance was reduced by 2%/min, and ambient air temperature increased by ~1.5 o C over a 2.5 hour period. Results showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. Personal control over lighting led to an average energy reduction of around 10% compared to a typical fixed system; participants with personal control also reduced flow rate compared to the constant condition. Use of each control type averaged 2 -3 control actions per person per day, which dropped to less than one control action per person per day in a longer-term pilot study (N=5) conducted in the same space. Load shedding had some small negative effects for occupants, but in practice is unlikely to create substantial hardships, and is a reasonable response t...

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“…Although indoor temperature (and humidity) will inevitably be higher than the householder's default preference during events, there is little evidence of substantial discomfort penalties [Greenberg & Straub, 2008;Summit Blue 2004;Kirby, 2003]. This may be because the temperature rise is slow and is not perceived over the few hours of the event [Newsham et al, 2009], or because occupants are willing to tolerate the higher temperatures in the context of the threat to grid stability. Nevertheless, there is evidence that override rates do increase as the length of service curtailment increases [Greenberg & Straub, 2008;KEMA, 2006;Kirby 2003].…”

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“…For example, studies that simply examine both data types include Altomonte and Schiavon [83], Geng et al [84] and Newsham et al [85]. Altomonte and Schiavon [83] studied the difference between BREEAM and non-BREEAM office buildings using survey data on lighting, acoustic and thermal comfort which were collected while spot measurements of various IEQ parameters were collected at the respondent's workstation.…”

“…Geng et al [84] compared environmental measurements, survey results and productivity tests under various air temperature conditions from 16 • C to 28 • C. Interestingly, they found that thermal dissatisfaction appeared to override awareness of other IEQ parameters like lighting, noise and IAQ, but when occupants were thermally comfortable, they became more aware of these parameters, specifically, noise and lighting, demonstrating the interconnectedness of the IEQ perceptions and primacy of thermal comfort. A laboratory-based study by Newsham et al [85] used occupant surveys to evaluate occupant attitudes to having personal control over the changing environmental conditions that would occur during a demand response event. They found that the ability to control one's lighting and ventilation levels both increased satisfaction and decreased energy use.…”

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“…During direct control periods, indoor temperatures were likely higher than preferred, but occupants appeared to largely accept and tolerate these. One explanation for this is that indoor temperature increases slowly and such changes may not be perceived, or at least not until several hours into the event [23]. Alternatively, occupants may perceive the change in temperature and comfort, but be willing to tolerate it as a trade-off in exchange for greater grid stability or energy efficiency.…”

“…A third explanation for default effects focuses on social norms and implied endorsement from others [21][22][23]31]. From this perspective, the default conveys the socially desired behavior [14,32].…”