CONTROL OVER RESPONSE NUMBER BY A TARGETED PERCENTILE SCHEDULE: REINFORCEMENT LOSS AND THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF <i>d</i>‐AMPHETAMINE

Galbicka, Gregory; Fowler, Kelly P.; Ritch, Zoeth J.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1991.56-205

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…During each parametric analysis the value of w for each percentile schedule examined was set at .5. This value has been used in the successful implementation of percentile schedules in previous investigations (Galbicka et al, 1991;. A value of .5 meant that half of a participant's responses should meet the criterion for reinforcement.…”

Section: Percentile Schedulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For all other participants, we examined m values of 20, 10, and 5 across conditions. We selected these values based on previous investigations of the percentile schedule (Galbicka et al, 1991(Galbicka et al, , 1993. The order of presentation of conditions across participants was semirandom.…”

Section: Percentile Schedulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In research with nonhumans, percentile schedules have been used to examine interresponse times (Kutch & Platt, 1976;Platt, 1979), the effects of d-amphetamine on control of response number (Galbicka, Fowler, & Ritch, 1991), response acquisition (Galbicka, Kautz, & Jagers, 1993), and variable response sequences (Machado, 1989). Applications of the percentile schedule with humans have evaluated its efficacy in decreasing cigarette smoking Lamb, Morral, Galbicka, Kirby, & Iguchi, 2005; and increasing variability in computer game playing (Miller & Neuringer, 2000).…”

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Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Athens

Vollmer

Pipkin

2007

J of App Behav Analysis

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The purpose of this study was to examine the use of percentile schedules as a method of quantifying the shaping procedure in an educational setting. We compared duration of task engagement during baseline measurements for 4 students to duration of task engagement during a percentile schedule. As a secondary purpose, we examined the influence on shaping of manipulations of the number of observations used to determine the criterion for reinforcement (the m parameter of the percentile formula). Results showed that the percentile formula was most effective when a relatively large m value (20 observations) was used.

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Section: Percentile Schedulementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Percentile Schedulementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Athens

Vollmer

Pipkin

2007

J of App Behav Analysis

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“…Runs of over 100 subjects have now been differentiated under targeted percentile schedules like the present one, with similar results (cf. Galbicka, Fowler, & Ritch, 1991;Galbicka, Kautz, & Ritch, 1992). This differentiated responding has never achieved a higher overall rate or probability of reinforcement, and by definition has required more responses per reinforcer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response Acquisition Under Targeted Percentile Schedules: A Continuing Quandary for Molar Models of Operant Behavior

Galbicka

Kautz

Jagers

1993

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The number of responses rats made in a "run" of consecutive left-lever presses, prior to a trial-ending right-lever press, was differentiated using a targeted percentile procedure. Under the nondifferential baseline, reinforcement was provided with a probability of .33 at the end of a trial, irrespective of the run on that trial. Most of the 30 subjects made short runs under these conditions, with the mean for the group around three. A targeted percentile schedule was next used to differentiate run length around the target value of 12. The current run was reinforced if it was nearer the target than 67% of those runs in the last 24 trials that were on the same side of the target as the current run. Programming reinforcement in this way held overall reinforcement probability per trial constant at .33 while providing reinforcement differentially with respect to runs more closely approximating the target of 12. The mean run for the group under this procedure increased to approximately 10. Runs approaching the target length were acquired even though differentiated responding produced the same probability of reinforcement per trial, decreased the probability of reinforcement per response, did not increase overall reinforcement rate, and generally substantially reduced it (i.e., in only a few instances did response rate increase sufficiently to compensate for the increase in the number of responses per trial). Models of behavior predicated solely on molar reinforcement contingencies all predict that runs should remain short throughout this experiment, because such runs promote both the most frequent reinforcement and the greatest reinforcement per press. To the contrary, 29 of 30 subjects emitted runs in the vicinity of the target, driving down reinforcement rate while greatly increasing the number of presses per pellet. These results illustrate the powerful effects of local reinforcement contingencies in changing behavior, and in doing so underscore a need for more dynamic quantitative formulations of operant behavior to supplement or supplant the currently prevalent static ones.

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“…Because two of them stress the relation between the run length sampled on each trial, x, and the internal variable, µ, the procedure should allow the experimenter to control that relation. One such procedure is based on the percentile schedule developed by Platt to study shaping (see Platt, 1973) and later adapted by Galbicka to study numerosity differentiation in the rat (Galbicka, Fowler, & Ritch, 1991;Galbicka, Kautz, & Jagers, 1993;see also Galbicka, 1994). Below, we describe how we changed the percentile schedule to examine the assumptions of Machado and Rodrigues' (2007) model of numerosity differentiation and then report some data obtained with the new procedure.…”

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Seleção Direcional De Numerosidade: Um Estudo Exploratório

Machado

Costa

Maia

2012

REBAC

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RESUMOO presente estudo analisa a diferenciação numérica de padrões de resposta. Em uma caixa de Skinner com duas teclas, sete pombos receberam comida após bicarem pelo menos N vezes na tecla esquerda e depois uma vez na tecla direita (programa "Fixed Consecutive Number" de Mechner). Em cada ensaio, o parâmetro N era ajustado por um programa de reforço percentil (uma forma de shaping automático). O estudo teve dois objetivos. Primeiro, determinar como é que varia o tamanho das corridas na tecla da esquerda durante o procedimento de modelagem (shaping) e durante uma fase de extinção que se seguiu. Segundo, comparar os dados obtidos com as previsões de um modelo teórico de diferenciação da resposta. Os resultados mostraram que, durante a modelagem, o tamanho das corridas na tecla esquerda aumentou e depois, para alguns pombos, estabilizou, enquanto para outros pombos permaneceu variável. Alguns pombos pararam de responder quando o tamanho médio da corrida atingiu valores elevados. Observaram-se ainda variações sistemáticas nos tamanhos das corridas no interior de cada sessão como, por exemplo, o aumento do tamanho da corrida ao longo da sessão. Durante a fase de extinção os pombos produziram distribuições de tamanhos de corrida semelhantes às distribuições produzidas durante as últimas sessões de modelagem com exceção, em alguns sujeitos, do elevado número de corridas de tamanho zero. Estes resultados são interpretados à luz do modelo teórico de diferenciação numérica das respostas.Palavras-chave: Modelo matemático, numerosidade, esquema percentil, modelagem, pombo ABSTRACTThe experiment examined how pigeons differentiate response patterns along the dimension of number. Seven pigeons received food after pecking the left key at least N times and then switching to the right key (Mechner's Fixed Consecutive Number schedule). Parameter N was set according to a percentile schedule, which is a form of automatic shaping. Our aim was twofold: on the empirical side to determine how run length on the left key would evolve under this shaping procedure and how it would change during a subsequent extinction phase; and on the theoretical side to compare the data with the predictions of a theoretical model of response differentiation. Results showed that during shaping, run length on the left key increased and then, for some pigeons, it stabilized, whereas for others pigeons it remained variable. Some pigeons ceased to respond when average run length reached a high value. There were substantial within-session trends in run length. In extinction, before the pigeons ceased to respond altogether, they emitted the same distribution of run lengths as during the last sessions of shaping with the exception, in some birds, of a large number of runs of length zero. These results are interpreted at the light of the theoretical model of numerosity differentiation.

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CONTROL OVER RESPONSE NUMBER BY A TARGETED PERCENTILE SCHEDULE: REINFORCEMENT LOSS AND THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Shaping Academic Task Engagement With Percentile Schedules

Response Acquisition Under Targeted Percentile Schedules: A Continuing Quandary for Molar Models of Operant Behavior

Seleção Direcional De Numerosidade: Um Estudo Exploratório

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