Control of Amorbia Cuneana (Lepidoptera

Abstract

Tortricidae) ON AVOCADOS, CA, NOV 1979: Insecticides were tested for efficacy against a heavy infestation of late instar A. cuneana larvae on 5-yr-old avocado trees (20 ft x 20 ft spacing) located in Ventura County, CA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 6 replicates of 2 trees each. Treatments were applied over a 3-day period (Nov 27, 28, and 29) by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (4 gal/tree = 400 gal/acre). An unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees both within and between rows. Treatments were evaluated by examining 10 randomly selected A. cuneana nests/tree for live larvae. Only nests between 1 and 6 feet above ground were checked. Data were subjected to analysis of variance after transformation to x.

Imaging peripheral lymphatic dysfunction in chronic conditions

“…As early as 1981, Bollinger et al visualized the lymphatics in the feet and ankles of human subjects using florescence microscopy following subepidermal injection of FITC-labeled dextran (Bollinger et al, 1981). While these "microlymphangiography" and similar techniques have noted differences between lymphatic capillaries in healthy and lymphatic-compromised patients (Bollinger et al, 1981;Bollinger et al, 1989;Bollinger and Amann-Vesti, 2007), their clinical adoption have been limited by the physical limitations of optical imaging within the body itself. FITC or fluorescein is excited by visible light to probe the initial capillary plexus, but has limited tissue depth penetration preventing visualization of deeper conducting vessels or lymph nodes.…”

A Mechanistic Study on the Hydrolysis of Cyclic Ketene Acetal (CKA) and Proof of Concept of Polymerization in Water

“…[10][11][12][13] The use of water as a polymerization medium leads to multiple advantages in terms of process safety, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. However, despite all these advantages, free radical copolymerizations with CKAs and conventional free radical monomers to generate biodegradable polymers in water [14][15][16][17][18] or non-aqueous polymerization approaches [19,20] to make water-soluble polymers have been sparse in literature, mainly due to the hydrolytic instability of CKAs.…”

“…Due to this reason, in our recent study on the environmental biodegradability of backbone degradable polyacrylic acid, our group was forced to prepare the required CKA inserted polyacrylic acid using an environmentally unfriendly approach involving organic solvents, toxic reagents, and protecting groups. [41] During preparation [31] or (co)polymerization, [14][15][16][17][18] CKA monomers almost always undergo hydrolysis. While the homo or copolymerization of CKA monomers has been widely studied under non-aqueous conditions, the investigation of its reactivity in the presence of water and a systematic mechanistic understanding of reactions in the aqueous phase has been less explored.…”

“…[15,16] However, most of the polymerization process and CKA incorporation in the polymer chain reported happened in the dispersed media where hydrophobic droplets or micelle cores were the actual sites of the copolymerization reaction; there were very limited reports where initiation, propagation, and termination happened in an exclusively aqueous environment. [17,18] In addition, during the preparation of the current manuscript, Kordes, B. R. et. al.…”

“…In the past we have reported ring size effects on the rROP of CKAs [35] and in the current work, as part of an ongoing program to create biodegradable polymers in water, we aimed to study the hydrolysis mechanism and reaction kinetics of hydrolysis in detail from 5-membered to 8-membered CKA. We performed a mechanistic study from deuterium and 17 O-isotopic labeled experiments in order to provide a clear understanding of its reaction path in both hydrolysis and polymerization. In this process, we conducted CKA monomer hydrolysis reactions in a basic pH medium and established the order of reactivity according to ring size to be 5 > 6 > 7 (MDO) > 8 and the order of reactivity for MDO and 8-membered CKAs in various pH mediums as acidic > neutral > basic.…”