Control of the precipitation of TiN inclusions in gear steels

Ma, Wenjun; Bao, Yanping; Zhao, Lihua; Wang, Min

doi:10.1007/s12613-014-0900-2

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The relationships for the activity coefficients of Ti and N (f Ti and f N , respectively) as a function of temperature are given by Eqs. [9] and [10]: [34][35][36] lg f i 1873 K 1600 C are obtained. Substituting these values into Eqs.…”

Section: Thermodynamics Of Tin Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Inclusions in Ti-Stabilized 17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel

Yin

Sun

Yang

et al. 2016

Metall Mater Trans B

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The behavior and formation mechanisms of inclusions in Ti-stabilized, 17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel produced by the ingot casting route were investigated through systematic sampling of liquid steel and rolled products. Analysis methods included total oxygen and nitrogen contents, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The results indicate that the composition of inclusions was strongly dependent on the types of added alloying agents. During the AOD refining process, after the addition of ferrosilicon alloy and electrolytic manganese, followed by aluminum, the composition of inclusions changed from manganese silicate-rich inclusions to alumina-rich inclusions. After tapping and titanium wire feeding, pure TiN particles and complex inclusions with Al 2 O 3 -MgO-TiO x cores containing TiN were found to be the dominant inclusions when [pct Ti] was 0.307 mass pct in the molten steel. These findings were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations which indicated that there was a driving force for TiN inclusions to be formed in the liquid phase due to the high contents of [Ti] and [N] in the molten steel. From the start of casting through to the rolled bar, there was no further change in the composition of inclusions compared to the titanium addition stage. Stringer-shaped TiN inclusions were observed in the rolled bar. These inclusions were elongated along the rolling direction with lengths varying from 17 to 84 lm and could have a detrimental impact on the corrosion resistance as well as the mechanical properties of the stainless steel products.

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Section: Thermodynamics Of Tin Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Inclusions in Ti-Stabilized 17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel

Yin

Sun

Yang

et al. 2016

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…Experimental results in Fig.1 show the morphology of TiN inclusion, which has a typical rectangular shape reported in references [10,11] . The size of TiN observed is about 2~3 μm and Fig.1b gives a clear magnification of it.…”

Section: Precipitation Of Tin Inclusion In the Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Analysis of Inclusion Precipitation during Solidification in 12% Cr Alloy

2017

Rare Metal Materials and Engineering

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Iron based 12% Cr alloy (mass fraction) is usually used for advanced electric rotors shaft which require very good mechanical property and fine inclusions, as the large-sized inclusions in the alloy can cause performance deterioration. In this work, quenching process was adopted after slow cooling experiment in order to retain the inclusions precipitated during melt cooling and solidification of 12% Cr alloy. The morphology and the composition of the inclusions were detected by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The results show that besides various shapes of oxide, typical TiN inclusion is found in the sample. However, there is no Ti addition in metallurgical process. Thermodynamic calculation was executed to interpret the inclusion precipitation during solidification and the calculation results indicate that TiN inclusion precipitates at the terminal stage of solidification. Even a trace amount of Ti drawn from raw materials would induce the precipitation of TiN, which would grow into large size and be harmful to alloy property, while the formation of Al2O3 inclusion occurs in liquid alloy. Suggestions for the control of Ti and O are given based on the calculation results, which would be helpful to the production of 12% Cr alloy. The precipitation potential of Ti2O3 inclusion in the experiment has also been discussed by studying the competition of element concentration between Ti and Al.

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“…are the interaction coefficients of Ti and N at 1873 K, which can be calculated by Equations (12) and (13) [7][8][9], respectively:…”

Section: [N]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Titanium carbonitride (TiC x N 1-x , x represents the molar ratio of TiC in TiC x N 1-x ), a continuous solid solution formed via replacing partial moles of N in TiN crystal with C has similar properties to those of TiN. It also has a detrimental effect on the fatigue performance and, as a result, leads to wire breaking during the drawing and stranding processes [7]. It has been reported [8] that the molar ratio of TiC increases with increasing strength of tire core steel, which would cause a more seriously destructive effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding TiN Precipitation Behavior during Solidification of SWRH 92A Tire Cord Steel by Selected Thermodynamic Models

et al. 2019

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Tire cord steel is widely used in the tire production process of the vehicle manufacturing industry due to its excellent strength and toughness. Titanium nitride (TiN) inclusion, existing in tire rod, has a seriously detrimental effect on the fatigue and drawing performances of the tire steel. In order to control its amount and morphology, the precipitation behavior of TiN during solidification in SWRH 92A tire cord steel was analyzed by selected thermodynamic models. The calculated results showed that TiN cannot precipitate in the liquid phase region regardless of the selected models. However, the precipitation of TiN in the mushy zone would occur at the final stage during the solidification process (at solid fractions greater than 0.98) if the LRSM (Lever-rule model was applied for the N and Scheil model for Ti) or Ohnaka models (without considering the effect of carbon on secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS)) were adopted. For the Ohnaka model, in the case when the effect of carbon on SDAS was considered, TiN would probably precipitate in the solid phase zone rather than precipitate in the liquid phase region or mushy zone.

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Control of the precipitation of TiN inclusions in gear steels

Cited by 50 publications

References 12 publications

Formation of Inclusions in Ti-Stabilized 17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel

Formation of Inclusions in Ti-Stabilized 17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel

Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Analysis of Inclusion Precipitation during Solidification in 12% Cr Alloy

Understanding TiN Precipitation Behavior during Solidification of SWRH 92A Tire Cord Steel by Selected Thermodynamic Models

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