Control of the energetic proton flux in the inner radiation belt by artificial means

Abstract

[1] Earth's inner radiation belt located inside L = 2 is dominated by a relatively stable flux of trapped protons with energy from a few to over 100 MeV. Radiation effects in spacecraft electronics caused by the inner radiation belt protons are the major cause of performance anomalies and lifetime of Low Earth Orbit satellites. For electronic components with large feature size, of the order of a micron, anomalies occur mainly when crossing the South Atlantic Anomaly. However, current and future commercial electronic systems are incorporating components with submicron size features. Such systems cannot function in the presence of the trapped 30-100 MeV protons, as hardening against such high-energy protons is essentially impractical. The paper discusses the basic physics of the interaction of high-energy protons with low-frequency Shear Alfven Wave (SAW) under conditions prevailing in the radiation belts. Such waves are observed mainly in the outer belt, and it is believed that they are excited by an Alfven Ion Cyclotron instability driven by anisotropic equatorially trapped energetic protons. The paper derives the bounce and drift-averaged diffusion coefficients and uses them to determine the proton lifetime as a function of the spectrum and amplitude of the volume-averaged SAW resonant with the trapped energetic protons. The theory is applied to the outer and inner radiation belts. It is found that the resonant interaction of observed SAW with nT amplitude in the outer belt results in low flux of trapped protons by restricting their lifetime to periods shorter than days. A similar analysis for the inner radiation belt indicates that broadband SAW in the 1-10 Hz frequency range and average amplitude of 25 pT would reduce the trapped energetic proton flux by more than an order of magnitude within 2 to 3 years. In the absence of naturally occurring SAW waves, such reduction can be achieved by injecting such waves from ground-based transmitters. The analysis indicates that such reduction requires injection of less than 10 kW of SAW power. Increasing the power will result in the further decrease of the trapped flux. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of techniques that can inject such waves using ground-based transmitters.Citation: Shao, X., K. Papadopoulos, and A. S. Sharma (2009), Control of the energetic proton flux in the inner radiation belt by artificial means,

Inward diffusion and loss of radiation belt protons

“…Also, scattering rates would be higher at lower L, rather than the inverse as required by the data. A more likely candidate is scattering by shear Alfvén waves [Dragt, 1961;Shao et al, 2009] or, more generally, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves [de Soria-Santacruz et al, 2013]. Measured distributions of H + or He + band EMIC waves [Saikin et al, 2015], extrapolated to lower L, may provide the necessary low average wave power.…”

Simulation of the energy distribution of relativistic electron precipitation caused by quasi‐linear interactions with EMIC waves

“…Radial and energy diffusion are ignorable because the frequency of the EMIC waves is well above the drift frequency and well below the gyrofrequency of the resonant particles [ Kennel , 1966]. The bounce-averaged diffusion equation for pure pitch angle scattering can be written as [ Davidson and Walt , 1977; Lyons , 1973; Lyons and Williams , 1984; Shao et al , 2009] where T ( α 0 )=1.3802−0.3198(sin( α 0 )+ sin1/2( α 0 )) is the normalized bounce time, f 0 is the trapped electron phase space density, α 0 is the equatorial pitch angle, 〈 D α α ( α 0 , E )〉 is the bounce-averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficient, and τ atm is the timescale for losses to the atmosphere. Assuming that losses occur only from within the loss cone and that the loss cone is emptied twice per bounce period, we take τ atm to be half of the bounce period inside the loss cone and infinite outside the loss cone [ Lyons , 1973; Davidson and Walt , 1977; Lyons and Williams , 1984; Shao et al , 2009].…”

Generation of ELF waves during HF heating of the ionosphere at midlatitudes

“…In the higher frequency range the excited waves are the EMIC waves, which play an important role in the plasma heating in the magnetosphere. A study of the interaction of hydromagnetic waves with trapped protons in the inner magnetosphere shows that the proton precipitation can be enhanced significantly [ Shao et al ., ]. The ELF waves excited by ionospheric heating, in particular the EMIC waves, are a possible source of the waves that can lead to such effects.…”