Control of the Diadenylate Cyclase CdaS in Bacillus subtilis

Mehne, Felix M.P.; Schröder-Tittmann, Kathrin; Eijlander, Robyn T.; Herzberg, Christina; Hewitt, Lorraine; Kaever, Volkhard; Lewis, Richard J.; Kuipers, Oscar P.; Tittmann, Kai; Stülke, Jörg

doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.562066

Cited by 62 publications

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References 43 publications

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“…It has been proposed that the different enzymes form temporally and spatially distinct pools of c-di-GMP which can then participate in specific signal transduction processes (2,49,50). Since CdaS is expressed exclusively under conditions of sporulation, and since the c-di-AMP formed by this enzyme is implicated in spore germination (20), we can assume that CdaS produces a specific pool of c-di-AMP that is relevant only under very specific conditions. For CdaA and DisA, the data suggest a functional spe- cialization: while CdaA seems to be involved in the control of cell wall homeostasis, there is increasing support for the idea that DisA contributes to the control of DNA integrity and to DNA repair (5,13,15,51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Essential Poison: Synthesis and Degradation of Cyclic Di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2015

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Gram-positive bacteria synthesize the second messenger cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) to control cell wall and potassium homeostasis and to secure the integrity of their DNA. In the firmicutes, c-di-AMP is essential for growth. The model organism Bacillus subtilis encodes three diadenylate cyclases and two potential phosphodiesterases to produce and degrade c-di-AMP, respectively. Among the three cyclases, CdaA is conserved in nearly all firmicutes, and this enzyme seems to be responsible for the c-di-AMP that is required for cell wall homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that CdaA localizes to the membrane and forms a complex with the regulatory protein CdaR and the glucosamine-6-phosphate mutase GlmM. Interestingly, cdaA, cdaR, and glmM form a gene cluster that is conserved throughout the firmicutes. This conserved arrangement and the observed interaction between the three proteins suggest a functional relationship. Our data suggest that GlmM and GlmS are involved in the control of c-di-AMP synthesis. These enzymes convert glutamine and fructose-6-phosphate to glutamate and glucosamine-1-phosphate. c-di-AMP synthesis is enhanced if the cells are grown in the presence of glutamate compared to that in glutamine-grown cells. Thus, the quality of the nitrogen source is an important signal for c-di-AMP production. In the analysis of c-di-AMP-degrading phosphodiesterases, we observed that both phosphodiesterases, GdpP and PgpH (previously known as YqfF), contribute to the degradation of the second messenger. Accumulation of c-di-AMP in a gdpP pgpH double mutant is toxic for the cells, and the cells respond to this accumulation by inactivation of the diadenylate cyclase CdaA. IMPORTANCEBacteria use second messengers for signal transduction. Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is the only second messenger known so far that is essential for a large group of bacteria. We have studied the regulation of c-di-AMP synthesis and the role of the phosphodiesterases that degrade this second messenger. c-di-AMP synthesis strongly depends on the nitrogen source: glutamategrown cells produce more c-di-AMP than glutamine-grown cells. The accumulation of c-di-AMP in a strain lacking both phosphodiesterases is toxic and results in inactivation of the diadenylate cyclase CdaA. Our results suggest that CdaA is the critical diadenylate cyclase that produces the c-di-AMP that is both essential and toxic upon accumulation. In order to process environmental information in the cell, many organisms are capable of synthesizing so-called second messengers. These small molecules are formed in response to primary signals and perceived by cellular targets. Bacteria often use specific nucleotides as second messengers. These nucleotides include cyclic mononucleotides, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), as well as cyclic dinucleotides, such as cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), and (p) ppGpp (1-3).The investigation of c-di-AMP-mediated signaling has recently attracted much attention (2). This molecule is formed by many bacteria a...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third diadenylate cyclase of B. subtilis, CdaS, is expressed exclusively during sporulation and is required for spore germination. The activity of CdaS is controlled by its N-terminal autoinhibitory domain (20).…”

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An Essential Poison: Synthesis and Degradation of Cyclic Di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2015

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“…While cdaA is expressed during vegetative growth, the cdaS gene is expressed during sporulation or germination of spores (7). The cdaS inactivation decreases the germination efficiency of spores, indicating a germination-specific function for this enzyme (8). Recently, it has been shown that c-di-AMP is essential for the growth of B. subtilis (6,9,10).…”

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Phenotypes Associated with the Essential Diadenylate Cyclase CdaA and Its Potential Regulator CdaR in the Human Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

et al. 2016

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Cyclic diadenylate monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a second messenger utilized by diverse bacteria. In many species, including the Gram-positive human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, c-di-AMP is essential for growth. Here we show that the single diadenylate cyclase of L. monocytogenes, CdaA, is an integral membrane protein that interacts with its potential regulatory protein, CdaR, via the transmembrane protein domain. The presence of the CdaR protein is not required for the membrane localization and abundance of CdaA. We have also found that CdaR negatively influences CdaA activity in L. monocytogenes and that the role of CdaR is most evident at a high growth temperature. Interestingly, a cdaR mutant strain is less susceptible to lysozyme. Moreover, CdaA contributes to cell division, and cells depleted of CdaA are prone to lysis. The observation that the growth defect of a CdaA depletion strain can be partially restored by increasing the osmolarity of the growth medium suggests that c-di-AMP is important for maintaining the integrity of the protective cell envelope. Overall, this work provides new insights into the relationship between CdaA and CdaR. IMPORTANCE Cyclic diadenylate monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a recently identified second messenger that is utilized by the Gram-positive human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.Here we show that the single diadenylate cyclase of L. monocytogenes, CdaA, is an integral membrane protein that interacts with CdaR, its potential regulatory protein. We show that CdaR is not required for membrane localization or abundance of the diadenylate cyclase, but modulates its activity. Moreover, CdaA seems to contribute to cell division. Overall, this work provides new insights into the relationship between CdaA and CdaR and their involvement in cell growth. Bacteria from diverse phyla produce the cyclic dinucleotide cyclic diadenylate monophosphate (c-di-AMP) that is synthesized and degraded by specific diadenylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases, respectively (1). The DNA integrity scanning protein DisA from Thermotoga maritima was the first diadenylate cyclase structurally and biochemically characterized (2), and its characterization led to the discovery of c-di-AMP. Many bacteria possess only a single, DisA-type, diadenylate cyclase (1), which is involved in the maintenance of DNA integrity (3, 4, 5). The cyclase activity of DisA is modulated by unusual DNA recombination intermediates (2), but it is presently unclear how c-di-AMP signals the cell that the chromosome integrity is affected.In addition to DisA, two diadenylate cyclases, CdaA and CdaS, are synthesized in the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis (6). While cdaA is expressed during vegetative growth, the cdaS gene is expressed during sporulation or germination of spores (7). The cdaS inactivation decreases the germination efficiency of spores, indicating a germination-specific function for this enzyme (8). Recently, it has been shown that c-di-AMP is essential for the growth of B. subtilis (6, 9, 10). c-d...

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“…Jörg Stülke (University of Göttingen) showed the latest de-velopment on the c-di-AMP signaling network in B. subtilis. In this organism, c-di-AMP is produced by three diadenylate cyclase (DAC) enzymes, CdaA (or DacA), DisA, and CdaS, and is degraded by the DHH/DHHA1 domain-containing phosphodiesterase GdpP (YybT) and a second predicted phosphodiesterase containing a DH domain with homology to the Listeria monocytogenes enzyme PgpH (85,86). Jörg highlighted the finding that c-di-AMP is the first signaling nucleotide that directly controls both expression and activity of a target protein, KtrA in B. subtilis, by binding to the ydaO riboswitch that is linked to the ktrA gene as well as to the KtrA protein itself.…”

Section: Newcomers In Bacterial Second Messenger Signaling: C-di-ampmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Signal Transduction by Cyclic Di-GMP and Other Nucleotide Second Messengers

et al. 2016

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brought together 131 molecular microbiologists from 17 countries to discuss recent progress in our knowledge of bacterial nucleotide second messenger signaling. While the focus was on signal input, synthesis, degradation, and the striking diversity of the modes of action of the current second messenger paradigm, i.e., cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), "classics" like cAMP and (p)ppGpp were also presented, in novel facets, and more recent "newcomers," such as c-di-AMP and c-AMP-GMP, made an impressive appearance. A number of clear trends emerged during the 30 talks, on the 71 posters, and in the lively discussions, including (i) c-di-GMP control of the activities of various ATPases and phosphorylation cascades, (ii) extensive cross talk between c-di-GMP and other nucleotide second messenger signaling pathways, and (iii) a stunning number of novel effectors for nucleotide second messengers that surprisingly include some long-known master regulators of developmental pathways. Overall, the conference made it amply clear that second messenger signaling is currently one of the most dynamic fields within molecular microbiology, with major impacts in research fields ranging from human health to microbial ecology.

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Control of the Diadenylate Cyclase CdaS in Bacillus subtilis

Cited by 62 publications

References 43 publications

An Essential Poison: Synthesis and Degradation of Cyclic Di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis

An Essential Poison: Synthesis and Degradation of Cyclic Di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis

Phenotypes Associated with the Essential Diadenylate Cyclase CdaA and Its Potential Regulator CdaR in the Human Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Bacterial Signal Transduction by Cyclic Di-GMP and Other Nucleotide Second Messengers

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