Control of the depth and rate of breathing: metabolic vs. non‐metabolic inputs

A new model of ventilatory control during exercise

“…Conversely, what is not so well known is that V T is continuously adjusted on the basis of f R levels to match alveolar ventilation with metabolic requirements. This is evident from our data showing that the close association observed betweenV E and carbon dioxide output is mediated by V T but not f R (Nicolò et al, 2018 to meet metabolic requirements in any conditions (Nicolò, Girardi, & Sacchetti, 2017a, 2018.…”

“…The ‘differential control’ feature suggests that f R is mainly regulated by fast inputs, but not metabolic inputs (Nicolò et al., ,b, ). Conversely, V T is substantially regulated by metabolic inputs.…”

“…From a functional perspective, this model suggests that the ventilatory system serves diverse functions via two different operating components. Respiratory frequency, the behavioural component, responds to a variety of non‐metabolic stressors, whereas V T , the metabolic component, is adjusted to meet metabolic requirements in any conditions (Nicolò, Girardi, & Sacchetti, , ).…”

“…The 'differential control' feature suggests that f R is mainly regulated by fast inputs, but not metabolic inputs (Nicolò et al, 2017a(Nicolò et al, ,b, 2018.…”

Esketamine counters opioid-induced respiratory depression

“…It has recently been proposed that tidal volume is regulated by metabolic stimuli, while respiratory frequency is driven by fast non-metabolic factors. 37,38 Our findings then suggest that remifentanil has a metabolic effect, while the esketamine effect was related to non-metabolic stimuli (e.g. stress, behavioural stimuli, or both).…”