Control of Structure and Growth of Polymorphic Crystalline Thin Films of Amphiphilic Molecules on Liquid Surfaces

Weinbach, Susan P.; Kjær, Kristian; Bouwman, Wim G.; Grübel, G.; Legrand, J.F.; Als‐Nielsen, J.; Lahav, Meir; Leiserowitz, Leslie

doi:10.1126/science.264.5165.1566

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…6 The addition of secondary amides such as C 19 H 29 CONHCH 3 to arachidamide, moreover, would block the binding to the monolayer of incoming amides from below. 1 Although NM cannot form a hydrogen-bonded bilayer with formamide molecules from the subphase, unlike the primary amides studied earlier, it can nonetheless be assumed that both water and formamide are able to solvate the methylamide head groups and that they have a higher solubility in formamide than in water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Elucidation of Multilayer Growth of Amphiphiles on Liquid Surfaces

et al. 1996

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The crystalline properties of the amphiphilic systems N-methylarachidamide (NM) and of N, N′-dimethyldocosanediamide (NND) in the uncompressed state at 5°C on surfaces of water and liquid formamide were studied by grazing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction (GID). On water, the amphiphile NM forms a crystalline monolayer. On formamide, NM behaves differently. One h after deposition on the liquid surface, GID patterns indicated coexistence of two different crystalline monolayer structures. Three h later, a crystalline bilayer had formed. The fundamental question as to whether the interlayer growth took place in the liquid subphase or in the air was elucidated with the help of the tailor-made additive N-benzylarachidamide (NB). Addition of 10% of NB in the spreading solution yielded only a monolayer. From this result we conclude that bilayer growth of pure NM must occur from the liquid side. It also helps to establish a similar interlayer growth mechanism for the trilayer formation of pure arachidamide on liquid formamide. 1 The amphiphile NND behaved differently from NM as it formed a crystalline monolayer on both water and formamide liquid surfaces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Elucidation of Multilayer Growth of Amphiphiles on Liquid Surfaces

et al. 1996

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“…More direct insight into the role played by impurities on the early stages of crystal nucleation was provided by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies (PopovitzBiro et al, 1994). Thus for example the disappearance of the 2D crystallites of a crystalline phase, as induced by an intentionally introduced additive, could be monitored in-situ at the air/water interface by diffraction (Weinbach et al, 1994).…”

Section: Role Of Impurities In Crystallization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parity Violating Energetic Difference and Enantiomorphous Crystalsp-Caveats; Reinvestigation of Tyrosine Crystallization

Lahav

Weissbuch

Shavit

et al. 2006

Orig Life Evol Biosph

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The present article challenges reports claiming to have demonstrated the Parity Violating Energetic Difference (PVED) between enantiomorphous D- and L-crystals. Apart from PVED, the presence of minute quantities and differing profiles of impurities incorporated during their different history of preparation will affect the physical properties of D- and L-crystals. These impurities are anticipated to play a much greater role in affecting crystallization behavior than PVED. The effect of impurities on the growth and dissolution of enantiomorphous crystals is illustrated with some representative examples. Shinitzky et al. (2002) reported recently dramatic differences in the growth and dissolution properties of the D- and L-crystals of tyrosine. We have repeated these experiments using commercial samples from different sources and employing a validated enantioselective gas chromatographic technique. We attribute Shinitzky's findings either to the use of inappropriate analytical techniques for the determination of enantiomeric composition and/or to the presence of unidentified contaminants in the commercial tyrosine samples. Related caveats hold also for the recently published claims by Shinitzky (2006) and Scolnik et al. (2006) to have observed experimentally PVED between enantiomeric helices of poly-glutamic acid composed of 24 repeating units.

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“…Surface X-ray scattering methods belong to the very few experimental approaches that provide such data, even for interfaces between two extended immiscible liquid phases, in situ with atomic scale resolution. For the free surfaces of liquids in contact with a gas phase, extensive studies of the vertical and in-plane structure have been performed by X-ray reflectivity, diffuse X-ray scattering, and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, providing a wealth of quantitative results on the surface structure of dielectric (Braslau et al, 1988;Ocko et al, 1994) and metallic liquids (Barton et al, 1986;Bosio et al, 1984;Dimasi et al, 1998;Magnussen et al, 1995), surface segregation (Regan et al, 1997;Shpyrko et al, 2006), surface phase transitions (Deutsch et al, 1995;Wu et al, 1993), and the structure and phase behaviour of organic layers on liquids (Kraack et al, 2002;Magnussen et al, 1996;Weinbach et al, 1994). In contrast, investigations of the deeply buried interfaces between two liquids are scarce and have been performed only for a few selected systems (see, for some examples, Bosio et al, 1984;Duval et al, 2012;Grü nder et al, 2011;Luo et al, 2006;Tamam et al, 2011;Schlossman & Tikhonov, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel X-ray diffractometer for studies of liquid–liquid interfaces

et al. 2013

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The study of liquid-liquid interfaces with X-ray scattering methods requires special instrumental considerations. A dedicated liquid surface diffractometer employing a tilting double-crystal monochromator in Bragg geometry has been designed. This diffractometer allows reflectivity and grazing-incidence scattering measurements of an immobile mechanically completely decoupled liquid sample, providing high mechanical stability. The available energy range is from 6.4 to 29.4 keV, covering many important absorption edges. The instrument provides access in momentum space out to 2.54 Å(-1) in the surface normal and out to 14.8 Å(-1) in the in-plane direction at 29.4 keV. Owing to its modular design the diffractometer is also suitable for heavy apparatus such as vacuum chambers. The instrument performance is described and examples of X-ray reflectivity studies performed under in situ electrochemical control and on biochemical model systems are given.

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Control of Structure and Growth of Polymorphic Crystalline Thin Films of Amphiphilic Molecules on Liquid Surfaces

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Elucidation of Multilayer Growth of Amphiphiles on Liquid Surfaces

Elucidation of Multilayer Growth of Amphiphiles on Liquid Surfaces

Parity Violating Energetic Difference and Enantiomorphous Crystalsp-Caveats; Reinvestigation of Tyrosine Crystallization

A novel X-ray diffractometer for studies of liquid–liquid interfaces

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