Control of Staphylococci in the Gut of Mice

Orcutt, Roger P.; Schaedler, Russell W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-340650-7.50068-4

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Experiments have shown that competitive success of competing clones cannot be easily predicted from their growth rates in single infections (Nakamura et al 1992;Hodgson et al 2004) and that host genotype (Wille et al 2002;de Roode et al 2004b) also plays an important role. Furthermore, vaccination with benign parasite strains can protect against challenge with more virulent strains, suggesting that residency could also be an important determinant of withinhost competition (Orcutt and Schaedler 1973;Morrison et al 1982;Duval-Iflah et al 1983;Allaker et al 1988; Barrow and Page 2000). Prior colonization of Silene latifolia flowers by one strain of the anther-smut pathogen also prevented colonization of competitors (Hood 2003), and competitive ability was enhanced for virus species infecting their larval insect hosts before their competitors (e.g., Ishii et al 2002;Thomas et al 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Multiple Infection and Within‐Host Competition in Genetically Diverse Malaria Infections

Roode¹,

Helinski²,

Anwar³

et al. 2005

The American Naturalist

201

154

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Within-host competition between coinfecting parasite strains shapes the evolution of parasite phenotypes such as virulence and drug resistance. Although this evolution has a strong theoretical basis, within-host competition has rarely been studied experimentally, particularly in medically relevant pathogens with hosts that have pronounced specific and nonspecific immune responses against coinfecting strains. We investigated multiple infection in malaria, using two pairs of genetically distinct clones of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. Clones were inoculated into mice simultaneously or 3 or 11 days apart, and population sizes were tracked using immunofluorescence or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In all experiments, at least one of the two clones suffered strong competitive suppression, probably through both resource- and immune-mediated (apparent) competition. Clones differed in intrinsic competitive ability, but prior residency was also an important determinant of competitive outcome. When clones infected mice first, they did not suffer from competition, but they did when infecting mice at the same time or after their competitor, more so the later they infected their host. Consequently, clones that are competitively inferior in head-to-head competition can be competitively superior if they infect hosts first. These results are discussed in the light of strain-specific immunity, drug resistance, and virulence evolution theory.

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confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Multiple Infection and Within‐Host Competition in Genetically Diverse Malaria Infections

Roode¹,

Helinski²,

Anwar³

et al. 2005

The American Naturalist

201

154

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“…A high diversity of this ora is believed to provide a stabilising effect since outsiders will have dif culties to colonise (7). Indeed, the micro ora of the gut is rather stable and pathogenic microorganisms that are introduced orally are often unable to colonise or to cause disease (8)(9)(10)(11), a phenomenon that is referred to as colonisation resistance. In contrast, a decrease in the microbial diversity may facilitate colonisation of exogenous microorganisms, which may result in intestinal disturbances and increased susceptibility to diseases (12).…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison between Coliform Populations at Different Sites of the Intestinal Tract of Pigs

Zoric

Arvidsson²,

Melin³

et al. 2002

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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The coliform populations collected from different parts of the digestive tract were studied in six healthy pigs sacri ced on day 28 post weaning. Digesta were collected from six de ned locations of the intestinal tract of these pigs. These spots were; the proximal and distal parts of the jejunum; ileum; caecum; colon, and rectum. The aim was to study how well the rectal coliform ora re ects the ora at other parts of the intestinal tract. The coliforms at each site were enumerated, and it was found that the number of coliforms per gram digesta increased through the passage of the intestinal tract. The density was highest in the samples collected from rectum. Twenty-four coliform isolates from each site were phenotyped using the PhenePlate system. The phenotypic diversities of the coliforms were quite high at all sites (median diversity indices ranged from 0.85 to 0.88). The coliform oras collected at different sites of the intestinal tract were compared with the rectal ora, and the proportions of identical strains at different sites were fairly high. The homogeneity between the coliform populations of different pigs increased through the intestine, and was highest among the samples collected from rectum. Still, it was concluded that phenotyping several rectal isolates was a relevant method to mirror also the anterior intestinal micro ora. However, the results obtained also visualised the complexity of the intestinal bacterial ora, and indicate that important constituents of that ora might be lost if to few isolates are scrutinised.

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Antagonism among the normal anaerobic bacteria of the mouse gastrointestinal tract determined by immunofluorescence

Berg¹

1978

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp., Eubacterium sp., and Fusobacterium sp. were isolated from the cecum of a conventional mouse. An immunofluorescent method utilizing rabbit antisera specific for each of these three strains was developed to determine their population levels in the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice. Population levels of these anaerobes in groups of gnotobiotic mice colonized with either Bacteroides, Eubacterium, or Fusobacterium were compared with those of gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains. Bacteroides population levels in gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains were 100-fold less than the Bacteroides population level in gnotobiotes colonized with only the Bacteroides strain. Eubacterium or Fusobacterium population levels were not reduced by the presence of the other anaerobic strains. Thus, strictly anaerobic Eubacterium sp. and Fusobacterium sp. that colonized gnotobiotic mice caused a reduction in the in vivo population levels of a strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals. The initial breeding stock of germfree, CD-1 mice was purchased from Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass. The experimen-1066

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Control of Staphylococci in the Gut of Mice

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Dynamics of Multiple Infection and Within‐Host Competition in Genetically Diverse Malaria Infections

Dynamics of Multiple Infection and Within‐Host Competition in Genetically Diverse Malaria Infections

Comparison between Coliform Populations at Different Sites of the Intestinal Tract of Pigs

Antagonism among the normal anaerobic bacteria of the mouse gastrointestinal tract determined by immunofluorescence

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