“…The ability to associate physical or olfactory landmarks with resources is one form of spatial learning, and landmarks can provide a basis for organization of a more complex cognitive map (Tinbergen, 1932;Singer et al, 2006). A few target taxa have been studied in detail, including ants (Graham et al, 2010), bees (Collett et al, 2002), pigeons (Sutton, 2003), hummingbirds (Healy and Hurly, 2013) and rodents (Bettis and Jacobs, 2013), but some form of landmark learning has been described in a variety of species (e.g., fishes: Warburton, 1990;Odling-Smee andBraithwaite, 2003, amphibians: Crane andMathis, 2011;Daneri et al, 2011, reptiles: Day et al, 1999Holtzman et al, 1999;Lopez et al, 2001).…”