The (Fig. 1). The phenomenon of virgin female moths attracting large numbers of male moths was noted long before it was understood that a trail of chemicals could be so effective over great distances. In 1882 J. A. Lintner, the first state entomologist in New York, described (1) a spectacle of 50 large male Promethea moths being attracted to a female moth placed in his office window, which in turn attracted a large crowd of people on the sidewalk. He not only acknowledged the role of chemicals in this process and the existence of "smell organs"The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.but also foresaw the potential use of these chemicals for insect control. He writes (1):It is the existence of these organs that many of the Families of Lepidoptera, especially among the moths, owe the continuance of the species. They operate in the association of the sexes, with such an irrestible and far-reaching force as to exceed our conception and to be marvelous to our eyes. ... Can not chemistry come to the aid of the economic entomologist in furnishing at moderate cost, the odorous substances needed? Is the imitation of some of the more powerful animal secretions impracticable?This statement sums up much of the research that has been conducted on the chemistry of sex attraction in insects over the past few decades. Research efforts have focused on the overt chemical signals used in the mating process, with the driving force and financial backing for much of the research due to the potential for use of synthetic pheromone chemicals in pest control programs. This effort has resulted in the identification of sex attractants for >1600 insect species from >90 families in nine orders, with an emphasis on Lepidoptera (2). The variety and complexity of chemical structures (>300 reported structures) observed among the various insect orders attest to the insect's amazing ability to sequester and synthesize unique structures and blends, mainly composed of acetogenins and mevalogenins. These essential signaling chemicals of the "sex attractant" communication system are interesting but represent only the more obvious chemicals involved in complex systems of synchronous emitters and receivers. Rather than review all data on this enormous topic, this paper will discuss some of the chemistry involved in various aspects of the sex pheromone communication system in insects.OVERT CHEMICAL SIGNALS The sex pheromone communication system basically involves the release of specific chemicals from a pheromone producer (emitter), the transmission of these chemicals in the environment to a receiver, and the processing of these signals to mediate appropriate behavioral responses in the receiver. The chemicals transmitted downwind have been the most obvious targets for characterization. The code was first broken with the publication in 1959 (3) of the sex pheromone for the domest...