Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention

Maki, Brian E.; McIlroy, William E.

doi:10.1093/ageing/afl078

Cited by 415 publications

(298 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It turned out that most studies were performed in the context of functional balance and fall prevention and assessed (aspects of) functional balance as the outcome measure. Therefore, we added the criterion that the studies had to use functional balance, or other strong predictors of falling incidents, such as speed of forward-and backward step, 23 as outcome measures. This excluded one study from the analysis that assessed muscle strength (see Table 1).…”

Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining study assessed speed of forward and backward step 30 as the outcome measure. Because speed of forward and backward step is an important predictor of falling and has been shown to be closely associated with functional balance, 23,31 an effect size for this outcome measure was calculated and used in the meta-analysis alongside the five effect sizes for functional balance. As with functional balance, an average effect size was calculated in the case of several different measures of the same construct.…”

Section: Effect Size Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Effective Are Active Videogames Among the Young and the Old? Adding Meta-analyses to Two Recent Systematic Reviews

RietJonathan

CrutzenRik

2014

Games for Health Journal

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Objective: Two recent systematic reviews have surveyed the existing evidence for the effectiveness of active videogames in children/adolescents and in elderly people. In the present study, effect sizes were added to these systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were performed. Materials and Methods: All reviewed studies were considered for inclusion in the meta-analyses, but only studies were included that investigated the effectiveness of active videogames, used an experimental design, and used actual health outcomes as the outcome measures (body mass index for children/adolescents [k = 5] and functional balance for the elderly [k = 6]). Results: The average effect of active videogames in children and adolescents was small and nonsignificant: Hedges' g = 0.20 (95 percent confidence interval, -0.08 to 0.48). Limited heterogeneity was observed, and no moderator analyses were performed. For the effect of active videogames on functional balance in the elderly, the analyses revealed a medium-sized and significant effect of g = 0.68 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.13-1.24). For the elderly studies, substantial heterogeneity was observed. Moderator analyses showed that there were no significant effects of using a no-treatment control group versus an alternative treatment control group or of using games that were especially created for health-promotion purposes versus off-the-shelf games. Also, intervention duration and frequency, sample size, study quality, and dropout did not significantly moderate the effect of active videogames. Conclusions: The results of these meta-analyses provide preliminary evidence that active videogames can have positive effects on relevant outcome measures in children/adolescents and elderly individuals.

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Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Size Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Effective Are Active Videogames Among the Young and the Old? Adding Meta-analyses to Two Recent Systematic Reviews

RietJonathan

CrutzenRik

2014

Games for Health Journal

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“…Arm movements have been shown to be very important in balance maintenance and recovery (Maki and McIlroy 2006). Both unilateral and bilateral arm movements generate anticipatory and reactive responses in postural leg muscles (Mochizuki et al 2004) and hip and trunk muscles (Yamazaki et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both unilateral and bilateral arm movements generate anticipatory and reactive responses in postural leg muscles (Mochizuki et al 2004) and hip and trunk muscles (Yamazaki et al 2005). Furthermore, reaching and grasping actions are important in balance recovery and prevention of falls (Maki and McIlroy 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an electronic video game for improvement of balance

McConville

Virk

2012

Virtual Reality

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Virtual environments have been investigated for fitness and medical rehabilitation. In this study, the Sony EyeToy Ò and PlayStation 2 Ò were used with the AntiGrav TM game to evaluate their potential for improving postural balance. The game required lateral head, body, and arm movements. The performance on balance tests of subjects who trained for 3 weeks with this game was compared to the performance of controls who were not trained. Training subjects showed improvement for two of the three tests (each testing a different facet of balance), suggesting specificity of training, while control subjects did not show significant improvement on any test. Simulator sickness questionnaire results showed a variety of mild symptoms, which decreased over the training sessions. Motor learning analysis of the game scores showed that mastery had been achieved on the easier level in the game, but not on the second level of difficulty. This reflects the potential for continued learning and training through advanced levels within a game. A model parameter using the time constants of game score improvement was developed, which could be used to quantify the difficulty for any video game design. The results suggest that this video game could be used for some aspects of balance training.

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“…Alternatively, if a handrail or other stable object is available, then the stabilizing arm reaction very commonly involves reaching to touch or grasp the object for support (McIlroy and Maki 1995b;Maki and McIlroy 1997;Bateni et al 2004;King et al 2009;King et al in press), and such reactions have the potential to provide a far greater degree of stabilization than counter-balancing arm movements (Maki et al 2003). However, the visual demands of controlling these 'compensatory' reach-to-grasp reactions are high: it is necessary to identify and locate a suitable handhold, guide an appropriately directed reach toward it, and grasp it, all while compensating for ongoing motion of the torso and head (Ghafouri et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of peripheral vision to guide perturbation-evoked reach-to-grasp balance-recovery reactions

et al. 2010

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For a reach-to-grasp reaction to prevent a fall, it must be executed very rapidly, but with sufficient accuracy to achieve a functional grip. Recent findings suggest that the CNS may avoid potential time delays associated with saccade-guided arm movements by instead relying on peripheral vision (PV). However, studies of volitional arm movements have shown that reaching is slower and/or less accurate when guided by PV, rather than central vision (CV). The present study investigated how the CNS resolves speed-accuracy trade-offs when forced to use PV to guide perturbation-evoked reach-to-grasp balance-recovery reactions. These reactions were evoked, in 12 healthy young adults, via sudden unpredictable anteroposterior platform translation (barriers deterred stepping reactions). In PV trials, subjects were required to look straight-ahead at a visual target while a small cylindrical handhold (length 25%> hand-width) moved intermittently and unpredictably along a transverse axis before stopping at a visual angle of 20°, 30°, or 40°. The perturbation was then delivered after a random delay. In CV trials, subjects fixated on the handhold throughout the trial. A concurrent visuo-cognitive task was performed in 50% of PV trials but had little impact on reach-to-grasp timing or accuracy. Forced reliance on PV did not significantly affect response initiation times, but did lead to longer movement times, longer timeafter-peak-velocity and less direct trajectories (compared to CV trials) at the larger visual angles. Despite these effects, forced reliance on PV did not compromise ability to achieve a functional grasp and recover equilibrium, for the moderately large perturbations and healthy young adults tested in this initial study.

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Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention

Cited by 415 publications

References 33 publications

How Effective Are Active Videogames Among the Young and the Old? Adding Meta-analyses to Two Recent Systematic Reviews

How Effective Are Active Videogames Among the Young and the Old? Adding Meta-analyses to Two Recent Systematic Reviews

Evaluation of an electronic video game for improvement of balance

The use of peripheral vision to guide perturbation-evoked reach-to-grasp balance-recovery reactions

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