Control of oxygen concentration in liquid lead and lead–bismuth

Müller, Georg; Heinzel, A.; Schumacher, G.; Weisenburger, A.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3115(03)00250-2

Cited by 103 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Rayleigh numbers less than 10 8 indicate a buoyancy-induced laminar flow, with transition to turbulence occurring over the range of 10 8 < Ra < 10 10 , and fully turbulent with Ra > 10 10 . In order to form a laminar flow for the free-convection flow in an enclosed space, the Ra number was suggested to be less than 10 6 .…”

Section: Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9) Therefore, the oxygen levels in active oxygen control LBE systems should be controlled to be extremely low (4 Â 10 À10 $10 À8 wt% at 200-400 C or 2 Â 10 À7 $10 À5 wt% at 400-600 C 10) ), which can be indirectly reached by controlling the partial pressure of oxygen. [10][11][12] The proper formation of oxide layers critically depends on the control of oxygen concentration, so it is necessary to monitor the on-line concentration in LBE systems. The yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) oxygen sensor has been designed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for measuring oxygen level in LBE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buoyancy-Enhanced Oxygen Transport in the Experimental Liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic Container

Tan

Chen

Tan

2009

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

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The active oxygen control technique is a recently developed effective method for mitigating structural corrosions by forming a protective oxide film along the structural materials in corrosive lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) systems. The mechanisms of LBE corrosion and the oxidation of stainless steel in LBE environment have been analyzed. The active oxygen control technique is introduced and the oxidation experiment results with oxygen control are summarized. The buoyancy-enhanced oxygen transport, both laminar and turbulent, in the experimental LBE container has been numerically investigated using the finite volume method. The flux of oxygen at the gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces, the oxygen concentration in the bulk flow, and the rate of oxide layer formation are calculated. The time needed for the momentum and energy to reach the steady state and the time for the bulk concentration of oxygen to reach equilibrium are estimated. The rate of oxide layer formation on the steel surface under different thermal boundary conditions and diffusivities is also calculated. The numerical analysis provides a guideline for the design and setup of the apparatus in testing and calibrating low-concentration oxygen sensors and to study the oxidation of stainless steel containers for LBE.

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Section: Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Buoyancy-Enhanced Oxygen Transport in the Experimental Liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic Container

Tan

Chen

Tan

2009

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

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“…The current oxygen control theory is mostly based on the thermodynamics analysis of oxygen in the liquid metal, such as the oxygen solubility and the partial pressure for forming the protective oxide layer, without considering the influence of the flow on the oxygen effects [27]. In reality, the proper range of oxygen concentration is a function of velocity as illustrated in the maps (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on liquid metal corrosion–oxidation interactions

Zhang¹,

Li²

2007

Corrosion Science

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“…The properties and components of the formed layers determine the stability. The properties of the oxide layer were influenced by the oxygen concentration in the Pb-Bi 5,6) and the alloying elements of the substrate. [7][8][9][10] It has been expected that the content of chromium (Cr) in steels may promote the formation of stable oxide layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion of Steels in Lead-Bismuth Flow

Kondo

Takahashi

Sawada

et al. 2006

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

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For the development of lead-bismuth (Pb-Bi) cooled fast breeder reactors, the corrosion characteristics of various steels in a flowing Pb-Bi were investigated by means of steel corrosion test performed in the flowing Pb-Bi for 1,000 h. It was found that liquid metal corrosion was inhibited by single or multiple oxide layers formed on the steel surfaces. The oxide layers can be classified to an inner layer and an outer one. The existence of the inner oxide layer might be more important for the corrosion resistance since the inner one was compact and stuck to the steel surface while the outer one was easily broken into small pieces with cracks and peeled from the substrate. The effect of Cr content in steels on corrosion resistance was investigated. Stable Cr rich oxide layers were easily formed on the high Cr steels. The weight losses were lower in the steels with higher Cr contents. The content of Cr in the steel was effective to form the thin and compact Cr-rich oxide layer and suppressed the corrosion. In the case of Si rich steel, the weight loss was lower than the trends of weight loss with Cr content.

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Control of oxygen concentration in liquid lead and lead–bismuth

Cited by 103 publications

References 8 publications

Buoyancy-Enhanced Oxygen Transport in the Experimental Liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic Container

Buoyancy-Enhanced Oxygen Transport in the Experimental Liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic Container

Analysis on liquid metal corrosion–oxidation interactions

Corrosion of Steels in Lead-Bismuth Flow

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