Control of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Nitric Oxide Releasing Nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Abstract

Orthodontic treatment commonly requires the need to prevent movement of some teeth while maximizing movement of other teeth. This study aimed to investigate the influence of locally injected nitric oxide (NO) releasing nanoparticles on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Materials and Methods: Experimental tooth movement was achieved with nickel-titanium alloy springs ligated between the maxillary first molar and ipsilateral incisor. 2.2 mg/kg of silica nanoparticles containing S-nitrosothiol groups were injected into the mucosa just mesial to 1st molar teeth immediately prior to orthodontic appliance activation. NO release from nanoparticles was measured in vitro by chemiluminescence. Tooth movement was measured using polyvinyl siloxane impressions. Bones were analyzed by microcomputed tomography. Local tissue was assessed by histomorphometry. Results: Nanoparticles released a burst of NO within the first hours at approximately 10 ppb/mg particles that diminished by 10 × to approximately 1 ppb/mg particles over the next 1–4 days, and then diminished again by tenfold from day 4 to day 7, at which point it was no longer measurable. Molar but not incisor tooth movement was inhibited over 50% by injection of the NO releasing nanoparticles. Inhibition of molar tooth movement occurred only during active NO release from nanoparticles, which lasted for approximately 1 week. Molar tooth movement returned to control levels of tooth movement after end of NO release. Alveolar and long bones were not impacted by injection of the NO releasing nanoparticles, and serum cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were not increased in animals that received the NO releasing nanoparticles. Root resorption was decreased and periodontal blood vessel numbers were increased in animals with appliances that were injected with the NO releasing nanoparticles as compared to animals with appliances that did not receive injections with the nanoparticles. Conclusion: Nitric oxide (NO) release from S-nitrosothiol containing nanoparticles inhibits movement of teeth adjacent to the site of nanoparticle injection for 1 week. Additional studies are needed to establish biologic mechanisms, optimize efficacy and increase longevity of this orthodontic anchorage effect.

Metabolomic signatures distinguish extracellular vesicles from osteoclasts and odontoclasts

“…This may suggest that nitric oxide signalling is differently involved in bone resorption compared with dental root resorption. This idea is consistent with a number of studies showing that nitric oxide signalling has an important role in regulating bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement 37–38 . Further research will be required to test this idea.…”

“…This idea is consistent with a number of studies showing that nitric oxide signalling has an important role in regulating bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. [37][38] Further research will be required to test this idea.…”

A narrative review of the effects of vitamin D3 on orthodontic tooth movement: Focus on molecular and cellular mechanisms

“…Conversely, the application of an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor decelerates tooth movement (Yan et al, 2021). In separate research, Crawford et al (2022) employed silica nanoparticles that release NO, which were injected directly into the area, to maintain the impact of NO on the movement of teeth over an extended period. Crawford's findings indicated that the release of NO from nanoparticles containing S-nitrosothiols inhibited the movement of adjacent teeth for 1 week following the nanoparticle injection (Crawford et al, 2022).…”

“…In separate research, Crawford et al (2022) employed silica nanoparticles that release NO, which were injected directly into the area, to maintain the impact of NO on the movement of teeth over an extended period. Crawford's findings indicated that the release of NO from nanoparticles containing S-nitrosothiols inhibited the movement of adjacent teeth for 1 week following the nanoparticle injection (Crawford et al, 2022). Although the results are promising, additional research is needed to fully understand NO's underlying mechanisms and clinical applications in OTM.…”

Functional Biomaterials for Local Control of Orthodontic Tooth Movement

“…Several biomaterials or biosubstances, such as hormones, ligands, and growth factors, involved in the physiological processes of OTM were applied locally as stimuli to the paradental tissues to change the pace of OTM [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Some naturally extracted herbal medicines [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] or synthesized biomaterials, such as gelatin-reduced graphene oxide [ 28 ] that affects bone remodeling, were also investigated for the application of accelerated or decelerated OTM with different extents of root resorption.…”