Control of ion-exchanged waveguide profiles with Ag thin-film sources

Abstract

Fabrication of optical ion-exchanged glass waveguides by using thin-film silver ion sources is studied with reference to the use of salt-melt sources. Since the amount of silver in a thin-film source is limited, the process is source controlled, and it is shown that temperature and time as controlling parameters in the process can be replaced by source dimensions. Channel waveguide depth profiles are calculated. When contact film over patterned silver-film-stripe sources is used, silver can be used totally, which results in good uniformity in waveguide depth.

Photosensitivity and volume gratings in phosphate glasses for rare-earth-doped ion-exchanged optical waveguide lasers

“…The Na + ions are weakly bonded to the glass matrix and exchange readily with other ions of the same valence (K + , Ag + , and Li + ) when the proper conditions are met (temperature and concentration gradients). 15,16 Using these glasses, it has been possible to demonstrate both waveguide amplifiers 6 and lasers. 5,[7][8][9][10] In lasers, external reflectors or relief gratings are used to form the laser cavity and to perform wavelength selection out of the broadband gain.…”

Specific features of the formation of optical waveguides in silicate glass at high energy and doze of electron irradiation

“…The known methods for the approximate calculation of gradient waveguides (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method (method of phase integrals), perturbation theory, variation method, etc. [16]) are inapplicable in the simulation of the properties of the waveguide under study.…”

“…Such a variation in the refractive index is extremely large. It is known from [1,2,16] that an increase in the refractive index is 10 -3 -10 -4 when waveguides are formed in glasses using ion exchange. Mechanical stress in the glass that results from the redistribution of alkali metal ions may contribute to an increase in the refractive index.…”

Формирование Нано- И Микроструктурированных Слоев Серебра При Термическом Разложении Пленки Поливинилового Спирта С Азотнокислым Серебром

“…Ионы серебра не могут проникать в стекло при его нагреве, так как это нарушает электронейтральность стекла. Ввод Ag + из слоя серебра в натриевосиликатное стекло возможен только при твердотельном ионном обмене в присутствии электрического поля [30]. Нейтральные атомы серебра могут проникать в приповерхностные слои стекла в результате термической диффузии.…”