Control of Glucose Metabolism in the Human Fetus and Newborn Infant

Adam, Peter A. J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-027305-8.50026-6

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 212 publications

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“…Epinephrine is present in the adrenal medulla of the human fetus at about 4 months of age [1,15]. To our knowledge, no data have been reported on the ontogeny of catecholamine production in the rhesus fetus, on the circulatory levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, or on the placental transfer of these hormones, although Jost [17] believes that adrenomedullary hormones are probably not transferred from mother to fetus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…For additional details, sec Methods. 1 Values are means ± SE for five fetuses. Statistical analysis on the basis of paired observations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the primate and human fetus, placental transfer of insulin, if any, is small [2,22], and the major source of fetal insulin is probably the fetal pancreas [1]. In early gestation (13-18 weeks), the human fetal pancreas is relatively unresponsive to increases in maternal [25] and fetal [2] blood sugar although there is insulin present in fetal blood and preparations of the isolated human fetal pancreas release insulin when challenged with physiologic stimuli other than glucose [12,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Insulin and Epinephrine on the Carbohydrate Metabolism and Adenylate Cyclase Activity of Rhesus Fetal Muscle

1973

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ExtractCarbohydrate metabolism of skeletal muscle from rhesus fetuses at 58% of gestation (95 days) is sensitive to epinephrine in vitro. Epinephrine increased lactate production and decreased glucose uptake, 14 C-lactate production, glycogen content, and 14 Cglycogen formation as well as 14 CC>2 production. These responses to epinephrine are similar to those in adult muscle. However, in some cases the magnitude of these responses appears lower in fetal muscle. The content of cyclic 14 C-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic 14 C-AMP) was about 2.5-fold higher in the 100-day fetal muscle than in the adult. Epinephrine stimulated adenylate cyclase activity almost threefold in fetal and fourfold in adult muscle. When incubated with muscle from 85-day fetal monkeys, insulin increased glucose uptake, lactate and lactate-14 C production, and 14 CO 2 production; the greatest effect was found in the increased incorporation of labeled glucose into glycogen. Both synthetase I and phosphorylase a activities were present at 78-80 days of fetal age. Our data show that as early as about 58% of term the carbohydrate metabolism of fetal rhesus muscle in vitro is sensitive to epinephrine and that the hormone probably acts through the adenylate cyclase and the "second messenger" system of cyclic AMP as it does in adult muscle. SpeculationOur data offer indirect evidence that insulin and epinephrine mediate glycogen metabolism via cyclic AMP in rhesus fetal muscle as early as 85 days of gestational age (52% of term) and that these hormones operate through similar enzyme systems in fetal and adult muscle. It is possible that glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase, or other enzymes mediating the cyclic AMP response, are not identical in fetal and adult muscle; fetal isoenzyme patterns for muscle lactate dehydrogenase differ markedly from those of the adult. However, it is difficult to reconcile the existence of major differences in the enzyme milieu in fetal and adult muscle with the similar overall actions of epinephrine and insulin on glycogenesis and glycogenolysis demonstrated in our experiments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…For additional details, sec Methods. 1 Values are means ± SE for five fetuses. Statistical analysis on the basis of paired observations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Insulin and Epinephrine on the Carbohydrate Metabolism and Adenylate Cyclase Activity of Rhesus Fetal Muscle

1973

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“…Glucose concentrations are maintained immediately after birth by the breakdown of hepatic glycogen (glycogenolysis) in response to epinephrine and glucagon, facilitated by falling insulin levels. In the full-term human foetus, the concentration of hepatic glycogen is 80-180 mg/g of tissue; a concentration that is higher than at any other stage of life (Adam, 1971). In piglets, the reserves of corporal glycogen are between 30-38 g/kg b.w.…”

Section: Neonatal Glycogenolysismentioning

confidence: 93%

Foetal and neonatal energy metabolism in pigs and humans: a review

Mota-Rojas¹,

Orozco-Gregorio²,

Villanueva-García³

et al. 2011

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this review was to elaborate a conceptual framework of the most important aspects of the main biochemical processes of synthesis and breakdown of energy substrates that human and pig foetuses and newborns can use during the transition from foetus to newborn. Under normal physiological conditions, the growth and development of the foetus depends upon nutrients such as glucose, lipids and amino acids. In addition to the maternal and foetal status, genetic factors are also reported to play a role. The main function of the placenta in all species is to promote the selective transport of nutrients and waste products between mother and foetus. This transport is facilitated by the close proximity of the maternal and foetal vascular systems in the placenta. The foetus depends on the placental supply of nutrients, which regulates energy reserves by means of glycogen storage. Also, the synthesis of foetal hepatic glycogen guarantees energy reserves during perinatal asphyxia or maternal hypoglycaemia. However, the foetus can also obtain energy from other resources, such as gluconeogenesis from the intermediary metabolism of the Krebs cycle and most amino acids. Later, when the placental glucose contribution ends during the transition to the postnatal period, the maturation of biological systems and essential metabolic adaptations for survival and growth is required. The maintenance of normoglycaemia depends on the conditions that determine nutrient status throughout life: the adequacy of glycogen stores, the maturation of the glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic pathway, and an integrated endocrine response.

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“…The increased growth rate in utero is thought to result largely from the maternal and concomitant fetal hyperglycaemia (Cornblath & Schwartz, 1966;Pedersen, 1967;Baird, 1969;Adam, 1971). When the blood glucose is closely controlled the birth weight of infants born to diabetic mothers appears to be reduced (Oakley, 1965;Essex, Pyke, Watkins, Brudenell & Gamsu, 1973;Persson, 1974).…”

Section: Maternal Metabolism and Fetal Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal metabolism and fetal growth

Jones¹

1976

Reproduction

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Control of Glucose Metabolism in the Human Fetus and Newborn Infant

Cited by 50 publications

References 212 publications

Effect of Insulin and Epinephrine on the Carbohydrate Metabolism and Adenylate Cyclase Activity of Rhesus Fetal Muscle

Effect of Insulin and Epinephrine on the Carbohydrate Metabolism and Adenylate Cyclase Activity of Rhesus Fetal Muscle

Foetal and neonatal energy metabolism in pigs and humans: a review

Fetal metabolism and fetal growth

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