Control of flowering by ambient temperature

Capovilla, Giovanna; Schmid, Markus; Posé, David

doi:10.1093/jxb/eru416

Cited by 154 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…The genetic basis of this variation in M. truncatula has been suggested as being a cluster of three flowering locus T-like genes (MtFTa1, MtFTa2 and MtFTc) Pierre et al 2008). FT genes are central to the induction of flowering of legumes and the expression of FT genes has been shown to be influenced by vernalisation and photoperiod in M. truncatula , and photoperiod in pea and soybean Kong et al 2010), while ambient temperature influences FT expression in A. thaliana (Capovilla et al 2014). The importance and environmental responsiveness of these FT-like genes make them good candidates, however, other flowering genes that exist within the same QTL interval of M. truncatula cannot be ruled out, namely investigated further, with fine mapping, in order to understand better the genetic basis of flowering time control at this location and to develop diagnostic markers that could be used for…”

Section: Chr-v2mentioning

confidence: 99%

QTL detection for flowering time in faba bean and the responses to ambient temperature and photoperiod

et al. 2017

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Section: Chr-v2mentioning

confidence: 99%

QTL detection for flowering time in faba bean and the responses to ambient temperature and photoperiod

et al. 2017

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“…Lately, several studies have reported how changes in ambient temperature, defined as the physiological nonstressful temperature range of a given species, modulate many processes in plant development and in particular, how they affect flowering time (for review, see Wigge, 2013;Capovilla et al, 2015). Genetic analyses unraveled the existence of the ambient temperature pathway that mediates temperature responses in Arabidopsis (Blázquez et al, 2003;Balasubramanian et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2007;Kumar et al, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE Up-Regulates TEMPRANILLO2 Floral Repressor at Low Ambient Temperatures

et al. 2015

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Plants integrate day length and ambient temperature to determine the optimal timing for developmental transitions. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its closest homolog TWIN SISTER OF FT promote flowering in response to their activator CONSTANS under long-day inductive conditions. Low ambient temperature (16°C) delays flowering, even under inductive photoperiods, through repression of FT, revealing the importance of floral repressors acting at low temperatures. Previously, we have reported that the floral repressors TEMPRANILLO (TEM; TEM1 and TEM2) control flowering time through direct regulation of FT at 22°C. Here, we show that tem mutants are less sensitive than the wild type to changes in ambient growth temperature, indicating that TEM genes may play a role in floral repression at 16°C. Moreover, we have found that TEM2 directly represses the expression of FT and TWIN SISTER OF FT at 16°C. In addition, the floral repressor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) directly regulates TEM2 but not TEM1 expression at 16°C. Flowering time analyses of svp tem mutants indicate that TEM may act in the same genetic pathway as SVP to repress flowering at 22°C but that SVP and TEM are partially independent at 16°C. Thus, TEM2 partially mediates the temperature-dependent function of SVP at low temperatures. Taken together, our results indicate that TEM genes are also able to repress flowering at low ambient temperatures under inductive long-day conditions. Plants constantly monitor environmental and endogenous signals to control their growth and adjust developmental responses to daily and seasonal cues (Penfield, 2008). During the juvenile phase, plants are not competent to flower; they are insensitive to inductive environmental factors, such as favorable conditions of day length or temperature. The transition to the adult phase permits reaching the competence to respond to those signals, which is essential to trigger flowering during the reproductive phase (Bergonzi and Albani, 2011;Huijser and Schmid, 2011). Consequently, the control of flowering time is a key determinant of reproductive success and plays an essential role in plant adaptation to seasons and geography.Flowering time is controlled by an intricate network of interdependent genetic pathways that monitor and respond to both endogenous and environmental signals. These pathways include age, photoperiod and light quality, GA, thermosensory (ambient temperature), vernalization, and autonomous pathways (Fornara et al., 2010;Srikanth and Schmid, 2011). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), it is well documented the noteworthy regulation of the timing of flowering by day length or photoperiod and temperature (for review, see Andrés and Coupland, 2012;Song et al., 2013;Chew et al., 2014;Romera-Branchat * Address correspondence to soraya.pelaz@cragenomica.es. The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions f...

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“…Recent evidence strongly supports a fifth, thermoresponsive, pathway (Capovilla et al, 2015). The autonomous pathway induces flowering in an environmentally (temperature and photoperiod) insensitive fashion.…”

Section: Flowering Time In Arabidopsismentioning

confidence: 96%

The Importance of Ambient Temperature to Growth and the Induction of Flowering

et al. 2016

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Plant development is exquisitely sensitive to the environment. Light quantity, quality, and duration (photoperiod) have profound effects on vegetative morphology and flowering time. Recent studies have demonstrated that ambient temperature is a similarly potent stimulus influencing morphology and flowering. In Arabidopsis, ambient temperatures that are high, but not so high as to induce a heat stress response, confer morphological changes that resemble the shade avoidance syndrome. Similarly, these high but not stressful temperatures can accelerate flowering under short day conditions as effectively as exposure to long days. Photoperiodic flowering entails a series of external coincidences, in which environmental cycles of light and dark must coincide with an internal cycle in gene expression established by the endogenous circadian clock. It is evident that a similar model of external coincidence applies to the effects of elevated ambient temperature on both vegetative morphology and the vegetative to reproductive transition. Further study is imperative, because global warming is predicted to have major effects on the performance and distribution of wild species and strong adverse effects on crop yields. It is critical to understand temperature perception and response at a mechanistic level and to integrate this knowledge with our understanding of other environmental responses, including biotic and abiotic stresses, in order to improve crop production sufficiently to sustainably feed an expanding world population.

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Control of flowering by ambient temperature

Cited by 154 publications

References 126 publications

QTL detection for flowering time in faba bean and the responses to ambient temperature and photoperiod

QTL detection for flowering time in faba bean and the responses to ambient temperature and photoperiod

SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE Up-Regulates TEMPRANILLO2 Floral Repressor at Low Ambient Temperatures

The Importance of Ambient Temperature to Growth and the Induction of Flowering

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