“…Experimentally, CS have been observed in several systems based on photorefractive crystals [48], Na vapors [46], liquid crystal light valves [49,74], semiconductor optical amplifiers [50,68], and lasers [54,55,73,75]. In the latter, most experiments have been done in VCSELs, because their short cavity and large diameter insure a Fresnel number large enough to avoid the formation of patterns correlated over the whole extension of the system.…”