Control of biological growth in recirculating cooling systems using treated secondary effluent as makeup water with monochloramine

Chien, Shih‐Yi; Chowdhury, Indranil; Hsieh, Ming-Kai; Li, Heng; Dzombak, David A.; Vidic, Radisav D.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.027

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In the present study, chlorine dioxide levels of Ն0.50 mg liter Ϫ1 were associated with 10 3 CFU liter Ϫ1 , but the percentage of positives was below 30%, a value reported as being an indicator of low risk for disease transmission (47). Similarly, a monochloramine level of Ն3 mg liter Ϫ1 was required to maintain Legionella levels below 10 2 CFU liter Ϫ1 , in accordance with other studies (48)(49)(50), but the percentage of positive sites was less than 30% independently of the biocide levels, thus confirming the satisfactory results obtained with this disinfectant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Control of Legionella Contamination and Risk of Corrosion in Hospital Water Networks following Various Disinfection Procedures

Marchesi

Mansi

Marcelloni

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bPhysical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed with the aim of controlling Legionella water contamination. To date, the most effective procedures for reducing bacterial contamination have not yet been defined. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effectiveness of various disinfection procedures in order to reduce both culturable and nonculturable (NC) legionellae in different hospital water networks treated with heat, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, and hydrogen peroxide. The temperature levels and biocide concentrations that proved to give reliable results were analyzed. In order to study the possible effects on the water pipes, we verified the extent of corrosion on experimental coupons after applying each method for 6 months. The percentage of positive points was at its lowest after treatment with monochloramine, followed by chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hyperthermia. Different selections of Legionella spp. were observed, as networks treated with chlorinebased disinfectants were contaminated mainly by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, hyperthermia was associated with serogroups 2 to 14, and hydrogen peroxide treatment was associated mainly with non-pneumophila species. NC cells were detected only in heat-treated waters, and also when the temperature was approximately 60°C. The corrosion rates of the coupons were within a satisfactory limit for water networks, but the morphologies differed. We confirm here that chemical disinfection controls Legionella colonization more effectively than hyperthermia does. Monochloramine was the most effective treatment, while hydrogen peroxide may be a promising alternative to chlorine-based disinfectants due to its ability to select for other, less virulent or nonpathogenic species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Control of Legionella Contamination and Risk of Corrosion in Hospital Water Networks following Various Disinfection Procedures

Marchesi

Mansi

Marcelloni

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Limpt and Wal (2014) treated the make up stream and achieved savings of up to 85% of chemical inputs, 28% of make up water and 48% of discharged effluent (van Limpt and van der Wal, 2014). Chien et al (2012) evaluated the use of treated municipal wastewater for losses reposition in cooling towers (Chien et al, 2012) and Santos et al (2015) used industrial treated wastewater to replenish losses in the cooling tower of a refinery in Brazil (Santos et al, 2015). Durante et al (2015) also used conventional treated effluent as make up water in a cooling tower in an agribusiness industry (Durante et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater reuse in a cascade based system of a petrochemical industry for the replacement of losses in cooling towers

Hansen

Rodrigues

Aquim

2016

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…Monochloramine was investigated as a treatment option to control microbial growth in thermoelectric power plant cooling systems that reuse secondary-treated municipal wastewater (Chien et al, 2012). Bench and fullscale results demonstrated monochloramine to be effective Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10-Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation 1315 in controlling biofouling in cooling systems using secondary-treated municipal effluent and was also able to control the biological growth in recirculating cooling systems successfully when the biocide dose was adjusted to maintain monochloramine residuals above 3 mg/L.…”

Section: Othermentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Reclamation and Reuse

Pei¹,

Xie²,

Ong³

et al. 2013

Water Environment Research

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A review of the literature published in 2012 on topics related to water reclamation and reuse is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: (1) General: extent of reuse, research needs, guidelines and monitoring, and health effects, (2) Treatment technologies: integrated process design, membrane treatment, membrane bioreactors, electrocoagulation, ion exchange and adsorption, wetlands, managed aquifer recharge, and (3) Planning and management: public acceptance and education, economics/pricing, water quality planning and management and project/case studies. It can be seen from this review that much of the treatment technology research has focused on membrane treatment, integrated designs and other innovative technologies.

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Control of biological growth in recirculating cooling systems using treated secondary effluent as makeup water with monochloramine

Cited by 29 publications

References 26 publications

Control of Legionella Contamination and Risk of Corrosion in Hospital Water Networks following Various Disinfection Procedures

Control of Legionella Contamination and Risk of Corrosion in Hospital Water Networks following Various Disinfection Procedures

Wastewater reuse in a cascade based system of a petrochemical industry for the replacement of losses in cooling towers

Water Reclamation and Reuse

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