Control enzyme levels in the plasma, brain and liver from wild birds and mammals in Britain

Westlake, G. E.; Martin, Ambroise; Stanley, P.I.; Walker, C.H.

doi:10.1016/0742-8413(83)90038-5

Cited by 49 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In American Accipitridae, BChE contribution to plasma ChE activity was highest in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) (Hooper et al, 1989;Wilson et al, 1991) and Swainson's hawks (Goldstein et al, 1999b), while the highest AChE contribution to plasma ChE activity was reported in American species of Falconidae (Hooper, 1988 cited in Rattner and. For adult tawny owls, the values for ChE activity we found (meanϭ3.361, SDϭ0.844, nϭ16) were similar to those found by Westlake et al (1983) using the method of Ellman et al (1961) with the same substrate and temperature (meanϭ2.53, SDϭ1.00, nϭ6). For wild barn owls, the values obtained in this study (meanϭ2.995, SDϭ0.540, nϭ47) were similar to those found for captive American barn owls by Fleming and Grue (1981) using the same method and substrate (meanϭ2.707, SDϭ0.624, nϭ8).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The total plasma ␣-⌵〈⌭ activity of the pigeons was about 25-fold that of buzzards, 10-fold that of tawny owls, and less than 0.5-fold that of barn owls. Westlake et al (1983) also found a two-to sevenfold higher NPA esterase activity in several species of pigeons (5.27-16.5) compared with tawny owl (2.53). Our results are consistent with those of Bartkowiak and Wilson (1995) for the same bird families.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Very few data are available on plasma CbE activity in raptors. Westlake et al (1983) measured plasma esterase activity toward nitrophenyl acetate (NPA) in 27 avian species but only one raptor, the tawny owl. Like the activity toward the NPA substrate, the activity toward the ␣-␣-NA substrate measures general plasma esterase activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Normal levels of plasma B-esterases were obtained from healthy birds by Westlake et al (1983), who investigated total cholinesterase (ChE) activity and nitrophenyl acetate esterase activity. Hooper (1988) determined AChE and BChE activities in 11 North American raptor species, Wilson et al (1991) and Goldstein et al (1999b) determined normal values for ChE and AChE activities in raptors, and Bartkowiak and Wilson (1995) determined normal levels of CbE activity in several North American raptor species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

Roy

Grolleau

Chamoulaud

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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B-esterases are serine hydrolases composed of cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE). These esterases, found in blood plasma, are inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) insecticides and can be used as nondestructive biomarkers of exposure to anticholinesterase insecticides. Furthermore, B-esterases are involved in detoxification of these insecticides. In order to establish the level of these enzymes and to have reference values for their normal activities, total plasma cholinesterase (ChE), AChE and BChE activities, and plasma CbE activity were determined in 729 European raptors representing 20 species, four families, and two orders. The diurnal families of the Falconiforme order were represented by Accipitridae and Falconidae and the nocturnal families of the Strigiforme order by Tytonidae and Strigidae. Intraspecies differences in cholinesterase activities according to sex and/or age were investigated in buzzards (Buteo buteo), sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), barn owls (Tyto alba), and tawny owls (Strix aluco). Sex-related differences affecting ChE and AChE activities were observed in young kestrels (2-3-mo-old) and age-related differences in kestrels (ChE and AChE), sparrowhawks (AChE), and tawny owls (ChE, AChE, and BChE). The interspecies analysis yielded a negative correlation between ChE activity and body mass taking into account the relative contribution of AChE and BChE to ChE activity, with the exception of the honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus). The lowest ChE activities were found in the two largest species, Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaëtus fasciatus) and Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) belonging to the Accipitridae family. The highest ChE activities were found in the relatively small species belonging to the Tytonidae and Strigidae families and in honey buzzard of the Accipitridae family. Species of the Accipitridae, Tytonidae, and Strigidae families were characterized by a BChE contribution that dominated the total ChE activity, while in the species of the Falconidae family, AChE activity dominated. With the exception of the barn owl, CbE activity (eserine-insensitive ␣-naphthyl acetate esterase [␣-⌵〈⌭] activity) in all species was almost absent or very low. The values obtained in this study for ChE, AChE, and BChE activities and the AChE:BChE ratios for buzzard, kestrel, barn owl, and tawny owl provide a good estimate of the normal values in free-living individuals of these European species. They can be used as a baseline to evaluate the effect of anticholinesterase insecticides in the field.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

Roy

Grolleau

Chamoulaud

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…However, a consistently reported recommendation is the need for species-specific and laboratory-specific reference ranges (Hill 1988;Shimsoni et al 2012). Westlake et al (1983) examined brain AChE in 47 bird species and plasma AChE in 19 species and demonstrated family trends despite interspecies variation. Too few native Australian bird species reference ranges have been established to identify phylogenetic trends (Fildes et al 2009), and the few reported values in psittacine birds worldwide are highly variable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DEVELOPMENT OF REFERENCE RANGES FOR PLASMA TOTAL CHOLINESTERASE AND BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN FREE-RANGING CARNABY'S BLACK-COCKATOOS (CALYPTORHYNCHUS LATIROSTRIS)

Vaughan-Higgins¹,

Vitali²,

Reiss³

et al. 2016

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Published avian reference ranges for plasma cholinesterase (ChE) and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are numerous. However, a consistently reported recommendation is the need for species-and laboratory-specific reference ranges because of variables, including assay methods, sample storage conditions, season, and bird sex, age, and physiologic status. We developed normal reference ranges for brain AChE and plasma total ChE (tChE) activity for Carnaby's Black-Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) using a standardized protocol (substrate acetylthiocholine at 25 C). We report reference ranges for brain AChE (19-41 lmol/min per g, mean 2166.38) and plasma tChE (0.41-0.53 lmol/min per mL, mean 0.4760.11) (n¼15). This information will be of use in the ongoing field investigation of a paresis-paralysis syndrome in the endangered Carnaby's Black-Cockatoos, suspected to be associated with exposure to anticholinesterase compounds and add to the paucity of reference ranges for plasma tChE and brain AChE in Australian psittacine birds.

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Raptors

Jones¹,

Chitty²

2020

Exotic Animal Laboratory Diagnosis

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Control enzyme levels in the plasma, brain and liver from wild birds and mammals in Britain

Cited by 49 publications

References 35 publications

Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

DEVELOPMENT OF REFERENCE RANGES FOR PLASMA TOTAL CHOLINESTERASE AND BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN FREE-RANGING CARNABY'S BLACK-COCKATOOS (CALYPTORHYNCHUS LATIROSTRIS)

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