“…For instance, both are “real-time” decision-making layers, as they operate in the lower time scales (vs the other layers) and need to quickly adapt to sudden changes; both must deal with uncertainties on their models; and intraphase information, such as operation times, product yields, and material consumption can be accurately used to make predictions from one layer to the other in a feedback structure. Methodologies to deal with the integration of scheduling and control have been developed to deal with the full resolution of the MINLP formulation − or by using iterative decomposition algorithms, ,− general benders decomposition frameworks, , stochastic programming, , model predictive control, − scale-bridging models, data-driven models, , and switched system formulations . The modeling of the scheduling problem may rely on discrete-time formulations, ,,, continuous-time formulations, ,− ,− , or cyclic scheduling. ,,,,, Caspari et al .…”