Control and localization of rat adrenal cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate. Comparison with adrenal cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate.

Abstract

A B ST R A CT Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were measured in rat adrenal glands after either hypophysectomy alone or after hypophysectomy and treatment with ACTH. Adrenal cyclic GMP levels rise in acutely hypophysectomized rats to a maximum at 1 h of ap- about 1 pmol per mg tissue for 7 days, adrenal cyclic GMP showed a biphasic rhythm in long-term hypophysectomized animals. After an initial peak at 1 h after hypophysectomy, adrenal cyclic GMP declined to baseline at 4-12 h but thereafter progressively rose with time, eventually reaching levels over 1 pmol per mg tissue. Fluorescent immunocytochemical staining of rat adrenal zona fasciculata showed cyclic AMP largely confined to cytoplasmic elements with little fluorescence contained in nuclei. In contrast, cyclic GMP was found discretely positioned in nuclei with prominent fluorescence in nucleoli in addition to cytoplasmic localization.It is concluded that in hypophysectomized rats ACTH, either directly or in conjunction with alteration of adrenal cyclic AMP, appears to be one factor which regulates adrenal cyclic GMP. The direction of cyclic GMP change and the different subcellular localization of the nucleotides suggest divergent roles for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in adrenocortical function. Furthermore, our observations suggest a role for adrenal cyclic GMP in nuclear directed events.

Actions of chorionic gonadotropin upon cyclic amp and cyclic gmp in isolated testicular interstitial cells

“…A rise in cyclic GMP during hormone stimulation was described by Sharma et al [9], who reported that ACTH stimulated both cyclic GMP synthesis and corticosterone production in adrenal cells at concentrations which did not cause a measurable increase in synthesis of cyclic AMP. Such observations are not consistent with the report of Whitley et al [19], who demonstrated that ACTH reduces cyclic GMP levels in the adrenal. Stimulation of cyclic GMP levels in ovarian tissue has been reported to occur after administration of gonadotropin subunits to superovulated female rats [20].…”

“…The actions of estrogen upon the rat uterus have been shown to include stimulation of tissue levels of cyclic GMP [ 16]. Also, insulin has been reported to raise the level of cyclic GMP in liver cells [18], and ACTH has been shown to suppress cyclic GMP levels in the rat adrenal [19]. However, there is conflicting data about the actions of trophic hormones upon cyclic GMP formation in steroidogenic target tissues.…”

Role of Nuclear Ca 2+ /Calmodulin-Stimulated Phosphodiesterase 1A in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth and Survival

“…For example, immunofluorescent staining has shown that cAMP and cGMP have distinct staining patterns in a variety of cell types. 34,35 cAMP is largely confined to cytoplasmic domains, with very little nuclear staining, whereas cGMP is found in nuclei, with some cytoplasmic localization. In addition, a nuclear guanylyl cyclase has been identified in hepatocytes.…”

Factors influencing the release of cyclic AMP from mouse thyroid tissue stimulated by TSH in vitro

“…In an in vitro system like ours the intracellular concentration of cAMP during TSH stimulation is mostly more than 1000 times that of the incubation medium. Cyclic AMP is believed not to be confined to any cell organdíes but seems to reside in the cytoplasm (Whitley et al 1975). Therefore the cell membrane should be the structure that maintains the concen¬ tration gradient.…”