Control and communication of renewable energy based smart grid: an overview

Abstract

Smart Grid (SG) involves complex controls and communications. These controls include both the local as well as global controls. SG in-volves a two-way communication system at each stage and that is one of the advantages over the conventional utility grid. However, due to this two-way communications, the issues such as complexity, data gathering and management, etc, are introduced into the SG system. Therefore, this new grid requires a more complex and control operation. The objective of this paper is to evaluate various control systems, communication technologies, and real time measurement tools that are involved in the SG. This paper also performs the cost benefit analysis (CBA) of the control and communication schemes involved in the SG. The paper evaluates the latest tools for control and communications that are available, and it also evaluates the issues and challenges relative to it.

Batteries: Advantages and Importance in the Energy Transition

“…Even if the treatment for their disposal is easier with respect to Li-ion, where innovative methods are studied to recover materials, also lead-acid batteries require a special operation for the disposal; otherwise, they risk becoming harmful to the environment. Nickel batteries, on the other hand, have longer life cycles than lead-acid battery and have a higher specific energy; however, they are more expensive than lead batteries [11][12][13]. Open batteries, usually indicated as flow batteries, have the unique capability to decouple power and energy based on their architecture, making them scalable and modular with moderate cost of maintenance.…”