Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Bimodal Breathers

Boutilier, Robert G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75380-0_9

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 190 publications

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“…Bimodal respiration offers organisms the flexibility to alter their respiratory partitioning to changing environmental conditions for the purpose of optimising O2 uptake relative to the cost associated with respiration (Boutilier, 1990). With increasing distance to the surface, the theory of optimal breathing (Kramer, 1988) predicts that bimodally respiring vertebrates will shift their reliance towards aquatic routes of O2 extraction in order to reduce the travel cost (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A further consideration as to why water depth failed to influence the surfacing frequency of R. leukops is the biomechanical cost of aquatic versus pulmonary respiration. The energetic expenditure of respiring water is considerably greater than for pulmonary ventilation, given the high density and viscosity of water versus air and the relatively low concentration and diffusional coefficient of oxygen in water (Boutilier, 1990;Dejours, 1994;Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997). Gill ventilation in fish accounts for more than 10% of the animal's metabolic cost (Jones and Schwarzfeld, 1974;Holeton, 1980), while the oxidative expenditure of pulmonary respiration in the freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii, amounts to only 1% of the total energy budget (Jackson et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing frequency of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle,Rheodytes leukops

Gordos

Franklin

Limpus

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY This study examines the effect of increasing water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing behaviour of the bimodally respiring turtle, Rheodytes leukops. Surfacing frequency was recorded for R. leukops at varying water depths (50, 100, 150 cm) and water velocities (5, 15, 30 cm s-1) during independent trials to provide an indirect cost-benefit analysis of aquatic versus pulmonary respiration. With increasing water velocity, R. leukops decreased its surfacing frequency twentyfold, thus suggesting a heightened reliance upon aquatic gas exchange. An elevated reliance upon aquatic respiration, which presumably translates into a decreased air-breathing frequency, may be metabolically more efficient for R. leukops compared to the expenditure (i.e. time and energy)associated with air-breathing within fast-flowing riffle zones. Additionally, R. leukops at higher water velocities preferentially selected low-velocity microhabitats, presumably to avoid the metabolic expenditure associated with high water flow. Alternatively, increasing water depth had no effect upon the surfacing frequency of R. leukops, suggesting little to no change in the respiratory partitioning of the species across treatment settings. Routinely long dives (>90 min) recorded for R. leukopsindicate a high reliance upon aquatic O2 uptake regardless of water depth. Moreover, metabolic and temporal costs attributed to pulmonary gas exchange within a pool-like environment were likely minimal for R. leukops, irrespective of water depth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing frequency of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle,Rheodytes leukops

Gordos

Franklin

Limpus

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The deep invaginations at the distal end of the EBA1 and at the junction of the CnA with the EBA2 might serve for such a role, including blood partitioning in the head, opercular epithelia, and the general trunk vasculature. In general, perfusion rate of air-breathing organs increases immediately after an air breath when the oxygen partial pressure (PO 2 ) of the gas in the air-breathing organ is highest (Boutilier 1990). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory vasculatures of the intertidal air-breathing eel goby, Odontamblyopus lacepedii (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae)

2007

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SynopsisLacking a propensity to emerge over the mud surface, Odontamblyopus lacepedii survives low tide periods by continuously breathing air in burrows filled with hypoxic water. As with most marine air-breathing fishes, O. lacepedii does not possess an accessory air-breathing organ, but holds air in the buccal-opercular cavity. The present study aimed to clarify how the respiratory vasculature has been modified in this facultative air-breathing fish. Results showed that the gills apparently lacked structural modifications for air breathing, whereas the inner epithelia of the opercula were richly vascularized. Comparison with two sympatric gobies revealed that the density of blood capillaries within 10 µm from the inner opercular epithelial surface in O. lacepedii (14.5±3.0 capillaries mm -1 ; mean±s.d., n=3) was significantly higher than in the aquatic non-air-breathing Acanthogobius hasta (0.0±0.0) but significantly lower than in the amphibious air-breathing mudskipper Periophthalmus modestus (59.1±8.5). The opercular capillary bed was supplied predominantly by the 1 st efferent branchial arteries (EBA1) and drained by the opercular veins, which open into the anterior cardinal vein. Deep invaginations at the distal end of the EBA1 and the junction with EBA2 are suggestive of blood flow regulatory sites during breath-holding and apnoeic periods. It remains to be investigated how blood flow through the gills is maintained during breath holding when the buccal-opercular cavity is filled with air. 3 IntroductionWhile many freshwater air-breathing fishes possess a wide array of specialized accessory air-breathing organs (e.g. lungs, gas bladder, stomach, intestine, and suprabranchial chambers), most brackish and marine air-breathing fishes lack such specializations but use the buccal-opercular epithelia, skin and possibly the gills for aerial gas exchange (for review see Graham 1997;Martin & Bridges 1999;Sayer 2005). Typical fish gills are highly efficient gas exchangers in water but not in air since the lamellae are prone to gravitational collapse, resulting in a significant reduction of their functional respiratory surface area and an elevation of vascular resistance (Maina 2000). This is partly the reason Randall et al. (1981) attributed the non-existence of a single terrestrial vertebrate species that exclusively relies on gills for aerial respiration.It is a general perception that the gills of air-breathing fishes reduce their surface area with increasing reliance on aerial gas exchange (Munshi 1976;Graham 1997). This holds true especially for amphibious mudskippers residing in intertidal mudflats whose adaptation to terrestrial life, albeit varies widely among species, is apparently reflected in different degrees of morphological alterations of the gills to prevent them from collapsing in air (Schöttle 1931; Tamura & Moriyama 1976;Low et al. 1988). The eel goby, Odontamblyopus lacepedii (family Gobiidae, subfamily Amblyopinae), is one of the recently reported brackish-marine species that breathe air using t...

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“…In this regard, knowledge is more advanced for amphibians and reptiles (Johansen and Burggren 1985;Boutilier 1990;Hicks et al 1996;Ishimatsu et al 1996;Wang et al 1997Wang et al , 1999. Partial mixing of blood likely occurs within the ventricle and the conus arteriosus in amphibians (Wang et al 1999), whereas the volume of blood residing in the cavum venosum is thought to be an important factor for blood mixing in reptiles.…”

Section: -2 Physiological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Cardiorespiratory System in Air-Breathing Fishes

Ishimatsu¹

2012

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Bimodal Breathers

Cited by 23 publications

References 190 publications

Effect of water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing frequency of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle,Rheodytes leukops

Effect of water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing frequency of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle,Rheodytes leukops

Respiratory vasculatures of the intertidal air-breathing eel goby, Odontamblyopus lacepedii (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae)

Evolution of the Cardiorespiratory System in Air-Breathing Fishes

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