Contributions to the Physiology of Gastric Secretion

Farrell, James I.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1928.85.3.672

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Plasma glucose concentrations following starch ingestion did not begin to rise in either group until 15 min into the session and, therefore, the early insulin release described above can be termed preabsorptive (occurring during the preintestinal absorption period). It has been known since the work of Ivan Pavlov more than 100 y ago that the flavor of food or food ingestion can stimulate anticipatory digestive and metabolic responses, prior to nutrient absorption, that result in the increased secretion of saliva (17), gastric acid (17,18), and pancreatic secretions (17,19). Such responses presumably prepare the digestive system to digest food, as well as absorb and metabolize nutrients (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Endogenous Salivary Amylase Activity Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Homeostasis following Starch Ingestion in Adults

Mandel

Breslin

2012

The Journal of Nutrition

171

160

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In the current study, we determined whether increased digestion of starch by high salivary amylase concentrations predicted postprandial blood glucose following starch ingestion. Healthy, nonobese individuals were prescreened for salivary amylase activity and classified as high (HA) or low amylase (LA) if their activity levels per minute fell 1 SD higher or lower than the group mean, respectively. Fasting HA (n = 7) and LA (n = 7) individuals participated in 2 sessions during which they ingested either a starch (experimental) or glucose solution (control) on separate days. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after the participants drank each solution. The samples were analyzed for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations as well as diploid AMY1 gene copy number. HA individuals had significantly more AMY1 gene copies within their genomes than did the LA individuals. We found that following starch ingestion, HA individuals had significantly lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations at 45, 60, and 75 min, as well as significantly lower AUC and peak blood glucose concentrations than the LA individuals. Plasma insulin concentrations in the HA group were significantly higher than baseline early in the testing session, whereas insulin concentrations in the LA group did not increase at this time. Following ingestion of the glucose solution, however, blood glucose and insulin concentrations did not differ between the groups. These observations are interpreted to suggest that HA individuals may be better adapted to ingest starches, whereas LA individuals may be at greater risk for insulin resistance and diabetes if chronically ingesting starch-rich diets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Endogenous Salivary Amylase Activity Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Homeostasis following Starch Ingestion in Adults

Mandel

Breslin

2012

The Journal of Nutrition

171

160

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“…pancreatic) has been demonstrated as well (e.g. Farrell, 1928;Preshaw et al, 1966). Thus, digestive secretions are anticipatory as well as reactive.…”

Section: Cephalic Phase Responsesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…responses to sweet substances differ from those to bitter substances or to high-fat substances. It has long been established that sensory contact with food stimulates cephalic phase digestive responses that result in increased secretion of saliva (Pavlov, 1902), gastric acid (Pavlov, 1902;Farrell, 1928), and pancreatic secretions, including enzymes, proteins and bicarbonate (Pavlov, 1902;Preshaw et al, 1966). Even the sight of food within sealed plastic containers stimulates gastric secretions in humans (Feldman and Richardson, 1986).…”

Section: Evidence For Cephalic Phase Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipatory physiological regulation in feeding biology: Cephalic phase responses

2008

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Anticipatory physiological regulation is an adaptive strategy that enables animals to respond faster to physiologic and metabolic challenges. The cephalic phase responses are anticipatory responses that prepare animals to digest, absorb and metabolize nutrients. They enable the sensory aspects of the food to interact with the metabolic state of the animal to influence feeding behavior. The anticipatory digestive secretions and metabolic adjustments in response to food cues are key adaptations that affect digestive and metabolic efficiency and aid in controlling the resulting elevation of metabolic fuels in the blood. Cephalic phase responses enable digestion, metabolism and appetite to be regulated in a coordinated fashion. These responses have significant effects on meal size. For example, if the cephalic phase insulin response is blocked the result is poor glucose control and smaller meals. Cephalic phase responses also are linked to motivation to feed, and may play a more direct role in regulating meal size beyond the permissive one of ameliorating negative consequences of feeding. For example, the orexigenic peptide ghrelin appears to display a cephalic phase response, rising before expected meal times. This anticipatory ghrelin response increases appetite; interestingly it also enhances fat absorption, linking appetite with digestion and metabolism.

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“…In addition to conscious taste perception, gustatory activation stimulates physiological responses (cephalic phase responses), such as increased secretion of saliva [46], gastric acid [46, 47], and pancreatic secretions [46, 48]. Such responses prepare the digestive system to metabolize and absorb nutrients [5] and enable better maintenance of plasma nutrient homeostasis [5, 6].…”

Section: Pre-absorptive Role Of Salivary Amylase In Starch Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Amylase: Digestion and Metabolic Syndrome

2016

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Salivary amylase is a glucose-polymer cleavage enzyme that is produced by the salivary glands. It comprises a small portion of the total amylase excreted, which is mostly made by the pancreas. Amylases digest starch into smaller molecules, ultimately yielding maltose, which in turn is cleaved into two glucose molecules by maltase. Starch comprises a significant portion of the typical human diet for most nationalities. Given that salivary amylase is such a small portion of total amylase, it is unclear why it exists and whether it conveys an evolutionary advantage when ingesting starch. This review will consider the impact of salivary amylase on oral perception, nutrient signaling, anticipatory metabolic reflexes, blood sugar, and its clinical implications for preventing metabolic syndrome and obesity.

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Contributions to the Physiology of Gastric Secretion

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

High Endogenous Salivary Amylase Activity Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Homeostasis following Starch Ingestion in Adults

High Endogenous Salivary Amylase Activity Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Homeostasis following Starch Ingestion in Adults

Anticipatory physiological regulation in feeding biology: Cephalic phase responses

Salivary Amylase: Digestion and Metabolic Syndrome

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