Contributions to the knowledge of character.

Hartshorne, Hugh; May, Mark A.; Shuttleworth, Frank K.

doi:10.1037/13357-027

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…We revisit the classic question: Is early conscience development unitary? Most often, this question has been asked in structural terms – is conscience a global, coherent, trait‐like structure, such as superego or a ‘moral stage’, or a set of unrelated or loosely related components (Burton, 1963; Hartshorne & May, 1928–1930; Rushton et al, 1983; Sears et al, 1965)? Our study informs this question by showing that moral emotion, conduct, and cognition are significantly, if modestly, coherent at preschool age (Table 2).…”

Section: Mro and Future Consciencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This goal is made challenging by the complex nature of conscience, which, even at a young age, encompasses emotional, behavioral, and cognitive components. Although related, those components may not form a unitary, global predisposition, as first pointed out by Hartshorne andMay (1928-1930), and revisited since (Burton, 1963;Sears, Rau, & Alpert, 1965). Thus, we asked if the mediating paths linking early MRO and later conscience may be relatively specific to the component of conscience being studied.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pathways to conscience: early mother–child mutually responsive orientation and children's moral emotion, conduct, and cognition

Kochanska

Forman

Aksan

et al. 2004

Child Psychology Psychiatry

177

159

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Section: Mro and Future Consciencementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways to conscience: early mother–child mutually responsive orientation and children's moral emotion, conduct, and cognition

Kochanska

Forman

Aksan

et al. 2004

Child Psychology Psychiatry

177

159

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show abstract

“…Situationism in one form or another has been defended by Harman ( 1999 , 2000 , 2003 ), Doris ( 2002 ), Stephen Stich (Doris and Stich 2005 ), Alfano ( 2012 , 2013 ), and Ross and Nisbett ( 2011 ). The evidence for situationism is a series of experiments, the most important ones of which are in chronological order: Hartshorne and May ( 1928 ) tested students for whether they would cheat on exams. It turned out that there is no generic answer to this question: students would cheat on some tests, such as mathematics, but not on others, such as biology.…”

Section: The Situationist Challenge: Vices As Fictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vice Explanations for Conspiracism, Fundamentalism, and Extremism

Peels

2023

Rev.Phil.Psych.

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In the literature on conspiracism, fundamentalism, and extremism, we find so-called vice explanations for the extreme behavior and extreme beliefs that they involve. These are explanations in terms of people’s character traits, like arrogance, vengefulness, closed-mindedness, and dogmatism. However, such vice explanations face the so-called situationist challenge, which argues based on various experiments that either there are no vices or that they are not robust. Behavior and belief, so is the idea, are much better explained by appeal to numerous situational factors, like one’s mood or how orderly one’s environment is. This paper explores the situationist challenge to vice explanations for conspiracism, fundamentalism, and extremism in more detail by assessing the empirical evidence, analyzing the argumentation based on it, and drawing conclusions for where this leaves vice explanations. The main conclusion is that vice explanations for such extreme behavior and extreme beliefs need to be fine-tuned on various points, but that there is no reason to think that they have been discredited by empirical evidence. Moreover, the situationist challenge shows that sensitivity is needed for distinguishing when vice explanations for conspiracism, fundamentalism, and extremism are appropriate, when appeal to situational factors is more fitting, and when the two can be combined.

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“…Behavioral scientists have had a long-standing interest in the study of dishonest behavior as a human character flaw. In the 1920s, Hartshorne andMay (1928-1930) began a series of studies on human character in which they tempted children to engage in dishonest behavior. They began with the commonsense assumption that virtuous behavior presupposed possessing certain attitudes or knowledge (e.g., children who belonged to the Boy Scouts or participated in moral or religious instruction should regularly have demonstrated greater honesty than those who did not).…”

Section: Preventive Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing conflicts of interests in behavioral science research.

Koocher¹,

Page²

2021

Handbook of Research Ethics in Psychological Science.

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A t the most basic level, we conduct research to understand our world and thereby learn to make better decisions. Biases and reliance on compromised data undermine the very foundation of science. Failure to recognize and acknowledge conflicting relationships that potentially compromise research findings or mislead others can prove particularly insidious. Such failures can flow from personal blind spots or intentional concealment of potential contaminating influences. Actively addressing real or perceived conflicts of interest (CoIs) therefore sits at the very heart of scientific integrity.We all make choices when confronted with opportunities for reward and competing demands on our time, effort, resources, and responsibilities. For researchers, ethical conflicts occur when contending with many competing concerns that could potentially influence the scientific integrity of their work. These concerns include honestly, objectively, and accurately reporting findings, even when doing so might prevent them from profiting financially; achieving recognition via publication; or gaining some other type of reward. Earning rewards or recognition tied to research does not pose any intrinsic CoIs, so long as investigators retain their scientific integrity by following the rules of science (e.g., methodological soundness, obedience to regulatory standards) and by disclosing any invisible factors that other scientists or members of the public would want to know in understanding and evaluating the research. Such hidden factors might include funding or other sponsorship of the research, beneficial ownership of products or processes studied, or other factors that might create an appearance of or actual CoIs leading to biased or potentially compromised results.

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Contributions to the knowledge of character.

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Pathways to conscience: early mother–child mutually responsive orientation and children's moral emotion, conduct, and cognition

Pathways to conscience: early mother–child mutually responsive orientation and children's moral emotion, conduct, and cognition

Vice Explanations for Conspiracism, Fundamentalism, and Extremism

Addressing conflicts of interests in behavioral science research.

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