“…Another test involved exploration of novelty. Both of our theoretical frameworks are similar in terms of cognitive development and would make the same prediction: that Cultural Change, Human Activity, and Cognitive Development 231 Human Development 2012;55:229-232 more industrial or Gesellschaft elements on the societal and individual level would improve performance, and these predictions were confirmed by the data reported by Gauvain and Munroe [2009]. It is therefore not surprising that we have similar views of the causes of the Flynn effect, the worldwide increase in IQ performance since the 1800s, in terms of the growth of education, technology, and urbanization [Flynn, 1987;Greenfield, 1998].…”