Contributions of Morphometrics to Medical Entomology

Dujardin, Jean‐Pierre; Slice, Dennis E.

doi:10.1002/9780470114209.ch25

Cited by 56 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to each individual rat data set (NI, PI, R8 and R12) to gain an overview of the degree of differentiation between the NI, PI, R8 and R12 groups. Analyses were carried out using CLIC package version 97 [37], which is freely available at http://mome-clic.com. Since PCA is an unsupervised method and makes no assumption as to the origin or class of samples, it allows the major sources of variance in a data set to be defined without incorporating an inherent bias.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response and correlates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundFascioliasis is a severe zoonotic disease of worldwide extension caused by liver flukes. In human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas, reinfection and chronicity are the norm and anemia is the main sign. Herein, the profile of the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg expression levels is analyzed after reinfection, correlating them with their corresponding hematological biomarkers of morbidity.Methodology/Principal findingsThe experimental design reproduces the usual reinfection/chronicity conditions in human fascioliasis endemic areas and included Fasciola hepatica primo-infected Wistar rats (PI) and rats reinfected at 8 weeks (R8), and at 12 weeks (R12), and negative control rats. In a cross-sectional study, the expression of the genes associated with Th1 (Ifng, Il12a, Il12b, Nos2), Th2 (Il4, Arg1), Treg (Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb, Ebi3), and Th17 (Il17) in the spleen and thymus was analyzed. After 20 weeks of primary infection, PI did not present significant changes in the expression of those genes when compared to non-infected rats (NI), but an increase of Il4, Arg1 and Ifng mRNA in the spleen was observed in R12, suggesting the existence of an active mixed Th1/Th2 systemic immune response in reinfection. Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb and Ebi3 levels increased in the spleen in R12 when compared to NI and PI, indicating that the Treg gene expression levels are potentiated in chronic phase reinfection. Il17 gene expression levels in R12 in the spleen increased when compared to NI, PI and R8. Gene expression levels of Il10 in the thymus increased when compared to NI and PI in R12. Ifng expression levels in the thymus increased in all reinfected rats, but not in PI. The clinical phenotype was determined by the fluke burden, the rat body weight and the hemogram. Multivariate mathematical models were built to describe the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg expression levels and the clinical phenotype. In reinfection, two phenotypic patterns were detected: i) one which includes only increased splenic Ifng expression levels but no Treg expression, correlating with severe anemia; ii) another which includes increased splenic Ifng and Treg expression levels, correlating with a less severe anemia.Conclusions/SignificanceIn animals with established F. hepatica infection a huge increase in the immune response occurs, being a mixed Th2/Treg associated gene expression together with an expression of Ifng. Interestingly, a Th17 associated gene expression is also observed. Reinfection in the chronic phase is able to activate a mixed immune response (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg) against F. hepatica but T and B proliferation to mitogens is strongly suppressed in all infected rats vs control in the advanced chronic phase independently of reinfection The systemic immune response is different in each group, suggesting that suppression is mediated by different mechanisms in each case. Immune suppression could be due to the parasite in PI and R8 rats and the induction of suppressive cells such as Treg in R12. This is the first study to provide fundamental insight into the immune profile in fas...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response and correlates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia

et al. 2017

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“…coronator , a generalized Procrustes distance analysis was performed in COV [40]. A Procrustes distance matrix was constructed and employed to generate a neighbor-joining (NJ) topology in PHYLIP version 3.7 [41].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall size of left wing was estimated by the centroid size (CS) in MOG [40]. CS was estimated according to Bookstein [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wing geometry of Culex coronator (Diptera: Culicidae) from South and Southeast Brazil

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe Coronator Group encompasses Culex coronator Dyar & Knab, Culex camposi Dyar, Culex covagarciai Forattini, Culex ousqua Dyar, Culex usquatissimus Dyar, Culex usquatus Dyar and Culex yojoae Strickman. Culex coronator has the largest geographic distribution, occurring in North, Central and South America. Moreover, it is a potential vector-borne mosquito species because females have been found naturally infected with several arboviruses, i.e., Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus. Considering the epidemiological importance of Cx. coronator, we investigated the wing shape diversity of Cx. coronator from South and Southeast Brazil, a method to preliminarily estimate population diversity.MethodsField-collected immature stages of seven populations from a large geographical area in Brazil were maintained in the laboratory to obtain both females and males linked with pupal and/or larval exuviae. For each individual female, 18 landmarks of left wings were marked and digitalized. After Procrustes superimposition, discriminant analysis of shape was employed to quantify wing shape variation among populations. The isometric estimator centroid size was calculated to assess the overall wing size and allometry.ResultsWing shape was polymorphic among populations of Cx. coronator. However, dissimilarities among populations were higher than those observed within each population, suggesting populational differentiation in Cx. coronator. Morphological distances between populations were not correlated to geographical distances, indicating that other factors may act on wing shape and thus, determining microevolutionary patterns in Cx. coronator. Despite the population differentiation, intrapopulational wing shape variability was equivalent among all seven populations.ConclusionThe wing variability found in Cx. coronator populations brings to light a new biological problem to be investigated: the population genetics of Cx. coronator. Because of differences in the male genitalia, we also transferred Cx. yojoae to the Apicinus Subgroup.

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“…Phenotypic plasticity of body size is an important mechanism by which organisms can increase fitness in response to short-term environmental variation. Size variation is more influenced by environmental factors, whereas shape variation has a stronger genetic component (Klingenberg et al 2004, Dujardin and Slice 2007). Therefore, the main premise of shape variation studies is that a statistical analysis of population differentiation expressed in shape characters could be a measure of genetic heterogeneity (Patterson et al 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Temporal Variations of Wing Size and Shape ofTriatoma infestans(Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Populations From Northwestern Argentina Using Geometric Morphometry

et al. 2009

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Wing geometric morphometry of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) populations in northwestern Argentina showed that individual collection sites represent the discrete unit where metric differentiation took place. Here we studied temporal variations in wing size and shape of T. infestans populations from defined capture sites on three occasions between 2000 and 2003. Bugs collected from domiciles and/or storerooms had significantly larger right-wing centroid size than bugs collected at goat and/or pig corrals by the end of summer 2000 for both sexes. Conversely, male bugs collected from domiciles and/or storerooms had significantly smaller centroid size than bugs collected from pig corrals in spring 2002. The inversion in wing centroid size between seasons was consistent between sexes. Wing shape analysis from the south-central extreme of the study village showed divergence between collection dates for both sexes. Wing shape divergence was highly significant between male bugs collected by the end of summer 2000 and those collected in spring 2002 and by the end of summer 2003. For females, wing shape divergence was marginally significant between the end of summer 2000 and spring 2002, and significant between spring 2002 and the end of summer 2003. Unlike season-related variations in wing centroid size, shape differentiation was related to the time period elapsed between sample collections and suggested genetic influences acting on shape. Simultaneous consideration of wing size and shape provided complementary information on the direction and timing of bug dispersal. Morphological studies may allow determining the degree of relatedness of different bug populations and to associate morphological heterogeneity with temporal patterns of reinfestation.

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Contributions of Morphometrics to Medical Entomology

Cited by 56 publications

References 68 publications

Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response and correlates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia

Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response and correlates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia

Wing geometry of Culex coronator (Diptera: Culicidae) from South and Southeast Brazil

Temporal Variations of Wing Size and Shape ofTriatoma infestans(Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Populations From Northwestern Argentina Using Geometric Morphometry

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