Contributions of Electron Microscopic Spreading Preparations (“Miller Spreads”) to the Analysis of Chromosome Structure

Scheer, Ulrich

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-47783-9_10

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(111 reference statements)

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“…Christmas trees were later described by many groups and similar structures were also reported in other species including yeast cells (e.g. Hamkalo and Miller, 1973;Trendelenburg, 1974;Trendelenburg et al, 1974;Franke et al, 1979;Puvion-Duttileul et al, 1977;Scheer, 1978;Scheer, 1987;Scheer et al, 1973;Scheer et al, 1981;Chooi and Leiby, 1981;Morgan et al, 1983;Mougey et al, 1993;Osheim et al, 1996;Dragon et al, 2002;French et al, 2003).…”

Section: Visualization Of Ribosomal Genes By Miller Spreadsmentioning

confidence: 57%

The nucleolus and transcription of ribosomal genes

Raška

Koberna

Malínský

et al. 2004

Biology of the Cell

124

111

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Ribosome biogenesis is a highly dynamic, steady-state nucleolar process that involves synthesis and maturation of rRNA, its transient interactions with non-ribosomal proteins and RNPs and assembly with ribosomal proteins. In the few years of the 21st century, an exciting progress in the molecular understanding of rRNA and ribosome biogenesis has taken place. In this review, we discuss the recent results on the regulation of rRNA synthesis in relation to the functional organization of the nucleolus, and put an emphasis on the situation encountered in mammalian somatic cells.

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Section: Visualization Of Ribosomal Genes By Miller Spreadsmentioning

confidence: 57%

The nucleolus and transcription of ribosomal genes

Raška

Koberna

Malínský

et al. 2004

Biology of the Cell

124

111

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“…While the ribosome synthesis pathway in general, and the cotranscriptional events in particular, remains less well characterized in other systems, it seems likely that fundamental features uncovered in yeast will be conserved in many or all Eukaryotes. Terminal knobs are visible on ‘Miller’ chromatin spreads from yeast to mammals suggesting cotranscriptional assembling and compaction in other eukaryotic systems. Moreover, Rrp5, other SSU processome components, and the U3 snoRNP are highly conserved throughout Eukaryotes .…”

Section: Evolutionary Conservation Of Cotranscriptional Pre‐rrna Procmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cotranscriptional events in eukaryotic ribosome synthesis

2014

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Eukaryotic ribosomes are synthesized in a complex, multistep pathway. This begins with transcription of the rDNA genes by a specialized RNA polymerase, accompanied by the cotranscriptional binding of large numbers of ribosome synthesis factors, small nucleolar RNAs and ribosomal proteins. Cleavage of the nascent transcript releases the early pre-40S and pre-60S particles, which acquire export competence in the nucleoplasm prior to translocation through the nuclear pore complexes and final maturation to functional ribosomal subunits in the cytoplasm. This review will focus on the many and complex interactions occurring during pre-rRNA synthesis, particularly in budding yeast in which the pathway is best understood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This need to keep transcripts short through co-transcriptional splicing may be of particular importance for the Y-linked gigantic genes due to the lampbrush-like nature of their transcription, where many RNA polymerases are simultaneously transcribing along the template DNA in a ‘beads-on-string’ formation 34, 35, 58, 59 . Lampbrush chromosomes are characterized by their ‘Christmas tree-like’ like appearance by EM, where the DNA template is bound by many active RNA polymerases and their associated transcripts of increasing size 60-62 . When many RNA polymerases are loaded on a DNA template, preventing entanglement of transcripts (either with transcripts extending from adjacent polymerases within the same gene or from neighboring lampbrush-like loci) may become more critical (Fig 6B).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When many RNA polymerases are loaded on a DNA template, preventing entanglement of transcripts (either with transcripts extending from adjacent polymerases within the same gene or from neighboring lampbrush-like loci) may become more critical (Fig 6B). By contrast, conventional (non-lampbrush chromosome) genes typically have very few RNA polymerases simultaneously on the DNA template 62, 63 , and perhaps they are at a lower risk of transcript entanglement. This may explain why the autosomal gigantic genes Pzl and Myo81F , are not as impacted in U2af38 and SRPK RNAi SCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-transcriptional splicing facilitates transcription of gigantic genes

Fingerhut,

Lannes,

Whitfield

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Although introns are typically tens to thousands of nucleotides, there are notable exceptions. In flies as well as humans, a small number of genes contain introns that are more than 1000 times larger than typical introns, exceeding hundreds of kilobases (kb) to megabases (Mb). It remains unknown why gigantic introns exist and how cells overcome the challenges associated with their transcription and RNA processing. The Drosophila Y chromosome contains some of the largest genes identified to date: multiple genes exceed 4Mb, with introns accounting for over 99% of the gene span. Here we demonstrate that co-transcriptional splicing of these gigantic Y-linked genes is important to ensure successful transcription: perturbation of splicing led to the attenuation of transcription, leading to a failure to produce mature mRNA. Cytologically, defective splicing of the Y-linked gigantic genes resulted in disorganization of transcripts within the nucleus suggestive of entanglement of transcripts, likely resulting from unspliced long RNAs. We propose that co-transcriptional splicing maintains the length of nascent transcripts of gigantic genes under a critical threshold, preventing their entanglement and ensuring proper gene expression. Our study reveals a novel biological significance of cotranscriptional splicing.

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Contributions of Electron Microscopic Spreading Preparations (“Miller Spreads”) to the Analysis of Chromosome Structure

Cited by 16 publications

References 113 publications

The nucleolus and transcription of ribosomal genes

The nucleolus and transcription of ribosomal genes

Cotranscriptional events in eukaryotic ribosome synthesis

Co-transcriptional splicing facilitates transcription of gigantic genes

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