Contributions of charcoal, tobacco, and syrup to the toxicity and particle distribution of waterpipe tobacco smoke

Bernd, Karen K.; DeGrood, David; Stadtler, Hannah; Coats, Sarah; Carmack, Dylan; Mailig, Ronnae; Lidsky, Samuel; Hauser, Cindy DeForest

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.06.003

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[2][3][4] Because shisha burns at a lower temperature than cigarette tobacco (450 C versus 900 C) and is cooled and "filtered" by water, many smokers perceive hookah (particularly flavored blends) to be a safe alternative to cigarettes. 2,5 Nevertheless, during a typical hookah session that lasts approximately 1 hour, individuals inhale considerably more smoke than inhaled by smoking a conventional cigarette (9.8 liter versus 0.55 liter, respectively) 6 ; as such, a hookah session results in approximately 1.7-, 6.5-, and 46-fold more nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar exposures relative to a conventional cigarette. [6][7][8] Whereas hookah smoke has much lower levels of carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) per unit volume than cigarette smoke, a typical hookah session delivers approximately 20 times more total PAHs and nearly 50 times more heavy PAHs than a conventional cigarette.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hookah Smoke Mediates Cancer-Associated Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Signatures in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

Xiong

Gara

et al. 2021

JTO Clinical and Research Reports

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Introduction: Although communal smoking of hookah by means of water pipes is perceived to be a safe alternative to cigarette smoking, the effects of hookah smoke in respiratory epithelia have not been well characterized. This study evaluated epigenomic and transcriptomic effects of hookah smoke relative to cigarette smoke in human respiratory epithelial cells.Methods: Primary normal human small airway epithelial cells from three donors and cdk4 and hTERT-immortalized small airway epithelial cells and human bronchial epithelial cells were cultured for 5 days in normal media with or without cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) or water pipe condensates (WPCs). Cell count, immunoblot, RNA sequencing, quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques were used to compare effects of hookah and cigarette smoke on cell proliferation, global histone marks, gene expression, and promoter-related chromatin structure.Results: CSC and WPC decreased global H4K16ac and H4K20me3 histone marks and mediated distinct and overlapping cancer-associated transcriptome signatures and pathway modulations that were cell line dependent and stratified across lung cancer cells in a histology-specific manner. Epiregulin encoding a master regulator of EGFR signaling that is overexpressed in lung cancers was upregulated, whereas FILIP1L and ABI3BP encoding mediators of senescence that are repressed in lung cancers were down-regulated by CSC and WPC. Induction of epiregulin and repression of FILIP1L and ABI3BP by these condensates coincided with unique epigenetic alterations within the respective promoters.Conclusions: These findings support translational studies to ascertain if hookah-mediated epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations in cultured respiratory epithelia are detectable and clinically relevant in hookah smokers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hookah Smoke Mediates Cancer-Associated Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Signatures in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

Xiong

Gara

et al. 2021

JTO Clinical and Research Reports

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“…Additional experimental details can be found in Bernd et al 18 Briefly, smoke was drawn into a 5 L Plexiglass box, following a puff pattern variant of the commonly used Beirut method, before sampling by a TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS, Model 3090, TSI, Shoreview, Minnesota, USA) over a 30 min session (figure 1). 19 An adjustable, calibrated dilution bridge containing three filters (HEPA Capsule Filter #1602051, TSI, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA) in series and filtered nitrogen was placed in line between the 5 L 'lung' and the instruments to maintain concentrations below instrument saturation.…”

Section: Characterising the Physical Properties Of Wts Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rat alveolar type II (L2) cells (ATCC#: CCL-149) were maintained and exposed as per Bernd et al 20 Briefly, air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures included 1×10 6 cells seeded apically in 12-well Corning Transwell plates with 1.5 mL basolateral low glucose media (LGM: (1 g/L) Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 1× Antibiotic-Antimycotic (Gibco #15240062)). Mock-exposed and exposed conditions were processed in parallel for each treatment condition.…”

Section: Cell Maintenance and Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mockexposed cells remained in 37°C, 5% CO 2 with 1 mL basolateral LGM and exposed cells were placed in the alveoli sampler with ALI maintained (figure 1). 20 Exposed cells were subjected to ambient air (non-smoking control) or smoke plus air drawn from the 5 L aluminium 'lung' immediately after each puff; 0.045 L/ min humidified ambient air was drawn into the alveoli sampler during the intervening 17 s intervals. After a session, filters were returned to 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 24 hours with ALI maintained.…”

Section: Cell Maintenance and Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Membrane and lysosomal integrity were monitored via cleavage of fluorescein diacetate by cytoplasmic esterases and neutral red dye uptake (NRU), respectively. 20 Values were background adjusted and normalised to mock-exposed samples within that exposure. One-way Analysis of Variance and Tukey hsd post hoc testing were performed to reveal differences between treatments.…”

Section: Measuring Cellular Health and Viability Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicity: the impact of waterpipe size

et al. 2019

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IntroductionWaterpipe tobacco smoking continues to show increasing popularity, especially among individuals between 18 and 22 years old. Waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) is a mixture of particulates and gases formed from the combustion of the charcoal and volatilisation and humidification of the tobacco+humectant+flavouring substrate known as shisha or mu’assel. As such, variation in the configuration of the waterpipe may affect the particles produced. Our study focuses on the effects of waterpipe size on the physical properties and cytotoxicity of the smoke produced.MethodsShisha type and headspace volume were held constant and a modified Beirut puff protocol was followed while the size of the waterpipe was varied. Particle concentrations and size distributions were measured using a TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer. Type II alveolar cells were exposed to smoke at the air-liquid interface and two metrics of cell health analysed.ResultsIn a 30 min session, we observed a decrease in total particle concentration (1014–1013) and mass (10 000–2800 mg/m3) and an increase in particle size (125–170 nm) as pipe height increases from 22 to 55 cm and bowl size from 300 to 1250 mL. Smoke from all pipe sizes caused decreases in lysosomal function (>40%) and membrane integrity (>60%) 24 hours post 57 min exposure, and meet the National Institutes of Health definition of a cytotoxic agent (≥30% decrease in cell viability).ConclusionSmoke from waterpipes of all sizes causes significant alveolar cellular harm, indicating that this device needs regulation as a hazard to human health.

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Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning—The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions

Hussein

2022

IJERPH

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Tobacco smoking and incense burning are commonly used in Jordanian microenvironments. While smoking in Jordan is prohibited inside closed spaces, incense burning remains uncontrolled. In this study, particle size distributions (diameter 0.01–25 µm) were measured and inhaled deposited dose rates were calculated during typical smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios inside a closed room, and the exposure was summarized in terms of number and mass concentrations of submicron (PNSub) and fine particles (PM2.5). During cigarette smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios, the particle number concentrations exceeded 3 × 105 cm−3. They exceeded 5 × 105 cm−3 during shisha smoking. The emission rates were 1.9 × 1010, 6.8 × 1010, and 1.7 × 1010 particles/s, respectively, for incense, cigarettes, and shisha. That corresponded to about 7, 80, and 120 µg/s, respectively. Males received higher dose rates than females, with about 75% and 55% in the pulmonary/alveolar during walking and standing, respectively. The total dose rates were in the order of 1012–1013 #/h (103–104 µg/h), respectively, for PNSub and PM2.5. The above reported concentrations, emissions rates, and dose rates are considered seriously high, recalling the fact that aerosols emitted during such scenarios consist of a vast range of toxicant compounds.

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Contributions of charcoal, tobacco, and syrup to the toxicity and particle distribution of waterpipe tobacco smoke

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Hookah Smoke Mediates Cancer-Associated Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Signatures in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

Hookah Smoke Mediates Cancer-Associated Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Signatures in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

Waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicity: the impact of waterpipe size

Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning—The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions

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