Contribution of Various Foods to Fat and Fatty Acids Intake Among Urban and Semi-Urban Women of Punjab

Background Paper on Global Trends in Food Production, Intake and Composition

“…High total fat intakes were reported in urban upper middle income men (32%E) and women (33%E) from South India [Ghafoorunissa et al, 2002]. A study among urban and semi-urban women in Punjab showed fat intakes of 25.8 and 27.6%E, respectively [Goyal et al, 2005]. Results from the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (1987), however, showed big discrepancies in the percentage of energy that came from fat in high-income groups (33.1%E) compared to slum dwellers (16.7%E) [Shetty, 2002].…”

Fats and Fatty Acid Requirements for Adults

“…In India, the LA intake ranges from 2 to 17%E. Especially in poor population groups, a very low LA intake of 2%E can be observed [Ghafoorunissa, 1998;Goyal et al, 2005]. In addition, there is also a wide variation between different dietary groups, and it has to be considered that the data are only an excerpt.…”

Nutritional Profiles of Urban and Rural Men of Punjab with Regard to Dietary Fat Intake

“…In the present study, these vegetable oils were used for cooking of various Indian preparations in daily diets. Desi ghee is an important part of Punjabi cuisine, prepared at household level and traditionally, it is used for smearing chapattis (unleavened bread) or added on top of vegetable and legume preparations, to make it rich in taste (Goyal et al 2005;Nigam 2000).…”

“…However, data on intake of the type of fat/oil and individual fatty acids is scanty (Goyal, Sadana, and Verma 2005;Gupta, Songra, and Gupta 1997;Kaur and Hira 1997). Dietary fat has appeared in a number of studies as explanatory factors for the variations in body mass index (BMI) (Misra, Singhal, and Khurana 2010;Omondi, Othuon, and Mbagaya 2011;Portero-McLellan et al 2010;Shay et al 2012).…”